细菌粘附到宿主细胞 Bacterial Adhesion to Host Cells

47
细细细细细细细细细 Bacterial Adhesion to Ho st Cells

description

细菌粘附到宿主细胞 Bacterial Adhesion to Host Cells. 赵 蔚. 部分病原菌的组织嗜性. 病原菌 组织 Neisseria meningitidis 鼻咽上皮细胞 Neisseria gonorrhoeae 尿道上皮细胞 Vibrio cholerae 肠道上皮细胞 Bordetella pertussis 呼吸道上皮细胞 Salmonella typhimurium 肠道上皮细胞 Helicobacter pylori 胃粘膜 Streptococcus pyogenes 咽上皮细胞 - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Transcript of 细菌粘附到宿主细胞 Bacterial Adhesion to Host Cells

Page 1: 细菌粘附到宿主细胞 Bacterial Adhesion to Host Cells

细菌粘附到宿主细胞Bacterial Adhesion to Host Cells

赵 蔚

Page 2: 细菌粘附到宿主细胞 Bacterial Adhesion to Host Cells

部分病原菌的组织嗜性

病原菌 组织Neisseria meningitidis 鼻咽上皮细胞Neisseria gonorrhoeae 尿道上皮细胞Vibrio cholerae 肠道上皮细胞Bordetella pertussis 呼吸道上皮细胞Salmonella typhimurium 肠道上皮细胞Helicobacter pylori胃粘膜Streptococcus pyogenes 咽上皮细胞Campylobacter jejuni 肠道上皮细胞Mycoplasma pneumoniae 呼吸道上皮细胞

Page 3: 细菌粘附到宿主细胞 Bacterial Adhesion to Host Cells

粘附

物理化学力 特异性粘附

对宿主细胞影响

侵入等后续过程

对细菌影响

Page 4: 细菌粘附到宿主细胞 Bacterial Adhesion to Host Cells

与粘附有关的细菌的结构

Pili Capsule Cell wall

Page 5: 细菌粘附到宿主细胞 Bacterial Adhesion to Host Cells

Type PiliⅠ

Type PiliⅣ

Pili and FimbriaPili are adhesive hair-like organelles that protrude from the surface of bacteria.The term ‘‘fimbria’’ is more commonly used to describe pili, whose function is devoted to attach bacteria to a surface.

P pili

Page 6: 细菌粘附到宿主细胞 Bacterial Adhesion to Host Cells

pyelonephritis-associated (P) pilus

P pili biogenesis is the paradigm of the ‘‘chaperone/usher’’ pathway

Page 7: 细菌粘附到宿主细胞 Bacterial Adhesion to Host Cells

periplasmic

chaperone

platform/usher

adhesin receptors

P pili PapD PapC PapG Gal-α-(1-4)-Gal

Type I pili FimC FimD FimH monomannose- and trimannose-containing glycoprotein

Page 8: 细菌粘附到宿主细胞 Bacterial Adhesion to Host Cells

Retractile Type IV Pili EPEC, EHEC, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi,

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Legionella pneumophila, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Vibrio cholerae

composed of a homopolymer of a single pilin subunit

type IV pili are formed at the cytoplasmic membrane and the intact organelle is extruded across the outer membrane.

retract through the bacterial cell wall while the pilus tip remains firmly adhered to the target surface.

P. aeruginosa PilA

Neisseria spp PilE

EPEC bundlin

V. cholerae TcpA

Page 9: 细菌粘附到宿主细胞 Bacterial Adhesion to Host Cells

Function involved in bacterial adhesion to host cells

– EPEC type IV bundle-forming pili: attachment to brush border cells

– Neisseria spp., PilC-mediated adhesion to host cells via recognition of the complement regulator CD46

biofilm formation DNA uptake by natural transformation.

Page 10: 细菌粘附到宿主细胞 Bacterial Adhesion to Host Cells

Pili in Gram-Positive Bacteria

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

SpA , SpaB , SpaCgenerated by the sortase machinery

Page 11: 细菌粘附到宿主细胞 Bacterial Adhesion to Host Cells

细菌的粘附分子——粘附素 adhesin

细菌细胞表面配基 , 细菌表达的黏附相关的表面蛋白

Lectin( 外源凝集素 )– S. saprophyticus– B. pertusssis– S. typhimurium– E. coli– P. aeruginosa– N. gonorrhoeae– H. pylori– K. pneumoniae– H. influenzae– A. naeslundii– S. pneumoniae– V. cholerae

Page 12: 细菌粘附到宿主细胞 Bacterial Adhesion to Host Cells

粘附素 细菌 受体 LTA 化脓性链球菌、金黄色葡萄球

菌、表皮葡萄球菌 纤连蛋白

表面的 蛋白质

210kDa蛋白 59kDa蛋白 57kDa蛋白 PsaA 纤连蛋白结合蛋白

金黄色葡萄球菌 肺炎链球菌 化脓性链球菌

纤连蛋白 纤维蛋白原 层粘连蛋白 鼻咽上皮的糖蛋白 纤连蛋白

糖类 藻酸盐 铜绿假单胞菌 气管、支气管细胞粘蛋白

LPS 空肠弯曲菌、幽门螺杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、伤寒沙门菌、福氏志贺菌和大肠埃希菌

酶 3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶 gi ngi pai n R 、gi ngi pai n K 葡糖基转移酶

化脓性链球菌 牙龈卟啉单胞菌 链球菌

纤连蛋白、溶菌酶、肌球蛋白、肌动蛋白 纤维蛋白原、纤连蛋白和层粘连蛋白

热休克 蛋白

chaperoni n 60 幽门螺杆菌、杜氏嗜血杆菌

表面的疏水分子

链球菌 牙龈卟啉单胞菌

胶原质

Page 13: 细菌粘附到宿主细胞 Bacterial Adhesion to Host Cells

Fibronectin Binding Proteins

S. pyogenes:> 12 fibronectin and collagen binding proteins

the major adhesins SfbI of S. pyogenes bind ECM-associated fibronectin and induce the clustering of fibronectin bound integrin receptors, triggering intracellular signaling

Page 14: 细菌粘附到宿主细胞 Bacterial Adhesion to Host Cells

Autotransporters molecules secreted by type V secretion, contain an N-terminal l

eader peptide for secretion across the inner membrane, a C-terminal domain that forms a pore in the outer membrane, and a passenger domain that is autotransported through the outer membrane pore to be exposed on the bacterial surface

E. coli: Ag43 RGD motifs integrin

DAEC AIDA-A diffusively adhesive phenotype

ETEC TibA its glycosylation confers adhesive properties

H.pylori BabA Lewis b blood group antigen

Y.enterocolitica

Y.pseudotuberculosis

YadA collagen, laminin, and fibronectin

Page 15: 细菌粘附到宿主细胞 Bacterial Adhesion to Host Cells

Tir (translocated intimin receptor)

The bacterially encoded cellular receptor of EPEC and EHEC

Page 16: 细菌粘附到宿主细胞 Bacterial Adhesion to Host Cells

与粘附有关的细胞表面结构和分子

宿主细胞的细胞膜– 脂质双层:脂类、蛋白质

细胞表面粘附受体– 整合素,钙粘蛋白,免疫球蛋白超家族,选择素

ECM(extracellular matrix)– 由细胞产生和释放的大量大分子构成细胞外复杂的

结构网,包括纤连蛋白、纤维蛋白原、胶原质、蛋白聚糖和粘多糖等。 ECM 不仅具有结构功能,也影响大量的细胞活动,也提供了细菌粘附到宿主细胞的大量受体

Page 17: 细菌粘附到宿主细胞 Bacterial Adhesion to Host Cells

细菌与 ECM 的粘附

ECM 细菌 粘附素 纤连蛋白

Staphyl ococcus spp. Strep. pyogene Mycobacteri um spp. E. col i N. meni gi ngi t i di s

110kDa蛋白 120kDa蛋白 3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶 32kDa蛋白 一个外膜蛋白(Opc)

胶原质

S. aureus S. mutans K. pneumoni ae

133kDa蛋白 16kDa蛋白

外源凝集素

E. col i H. pyl ori S. saprophyti cus

糖 25kDa蛋白 160kDa血凝素

玻璃体结合蛋白 S. aureus N. meni ngi ti di s

Opc

弹性蛋白 S. aureus 40kDa蛋白 硫酸乙酰肝素 H. pyl ori 65kDa蛋白 纤维蛋白原

S. aureus S. pyogenes

92kDa蛋白 M蛋白

Page 18: 细菌粘附到宿主细胞 Bacterial Adhesion to Host Cells

细菌的特异性粘附机制

直接粘附 间接粘附-经由 ECM 蛋白的粘附 EPEC 粘附

Page 19: 细菌粘附到宿主细胞 Bacterial Adhesion to Host Cells

细菌

细胞表面

直接粘附和间接粘附 ( 桥机制 )

Type I pili --FimH

monomannose- and trimannose-containing glycoprotein

commensal E. coli FimH variants: bind with high affinity to trimannose residues

uropathogenic bacteria FimH molecules that exhibit a higher affinity for monomannose residues enriched within the urinary tract.

Page 20: 细菌粘附到宿主细胞 Bacterial Adhesion to Host Cells

病原菌 配体 受体

直接互作

革兰阴性菌 菌毛 糖基( ECM 、整合素、 Ig 超家族)

百日咳鲍特菌 FHA CR3

FimD RGD 结合整合素

百日咳毒素 P- 选择素和 E- 选择素

脑膜炎奈瑟菌 荚膜 /polysialic acid NCAM

淋病奈瑟菌 Opa 蛋白聚糖, CD66

桥机制

葡萄球菌 LTA 纤连蛋白

链球菌 LTA,M 蛋白, FnBP 纤连蛋白

耶尔森菌 YadA 纤连蛋白,胶原质

奈瑟菌 Opc 玻璃体结合蛋白,纤连蛋白

分枝杆菌 纤连蛋白

Page 21: 细菌粘附到宿主细胞 Bacterial Adhesion to Host Cells

活化Ⅲ型分泌系统

BFP intimin

Tir

+EspA+EspB

活化信号传导途径

骨架蛋白重排

基座形成

EPEC 的粘附

Page 22: 细菌粘附到宿主细胞 Bacterial Adhesion to Host Cells
Page 23: 细菌粘附到宿主细胞 Bacterial Adhesion to Host Cells

粘附对细菌的影响 对生长的调节: 抑制:大肠埃希菌 - 尿道上皮细胞 促进:淋病奈瑟菌 -HeLa 细胞 大肠埃希菌 - 肠上皮细胞 产生或释放与侵入和粘附有关结构 伤寒沙门菌: invasome EPEC: microcolony 福氏志贺菌: IpaB 、 IpaC 、 IpaD 假结核耶氏菌: yopE 载铁体的产生

Page 24: 细菌粘附到宿主细胞 Bacterial Adhesion to Host Cells

伤寒沙门菌侵袭结构的产生和消失

invG 、 invC 突变:不能合成侵袭体

invA 、 invE 突变:能合成侵袭体,但不能收回

InvJ

Page 25: 细菌粘附到宿主细胞 Bacterial Adhesion to Host Cells

黏附对细胞的影响

上皮细胞 成纤维细胞 吞噬细胞

Page 26: 细菌粘附到宿主细胞 Bacterial Adhesion to Host Cells

细菌粘附对上皮细胞的影响

没有可见的影响:– 多数正常菌群– 病原菌 (仅就粘附行为本身)

形态上的改变: EPEC、 H.pylori 、 S.pyogenes 诱导细胞因子的释放: Oral streptococci 、 H.pylor

i , Uropathogenic E.coli 侵入: Salmonella 、 Neisseria

Page 27: 细菌粘附到宿主细胞 Bacterial Adhesion to Host Cells

EPEC 的粘附

形态上的改变

‘‘attaching and effacing’’ (A/E)

1 the local effacement of microvilli 2 The formation of pedestal-like structures

Page 28: 细菌粘附到宿主细胞 Bacterial Adhesion to Host Cells

EPEC

Page 29: 细菌粘附到宿主细胞 Bacterial Adhesion to Host Cells

诱导细胞因子的产生

口腔链球菌: IL-8 E.coli :

– IL-6 、 IL-8 、 IL-1α 和 IL-1β – 粘附诱导胞间粘附分子的表达

幽门螺杆菌 IL-6 、 IL-8 肺炎衣原体 ICAM-1上调

Page 30: 细菌粘附到宿主细胞 Bacterial Adhesion to Host Cells

对成纤维细胞的作用

齿垢密螺旋体– HGF 细胞改变:伪足的回收和膜状泡的形成;丝状肌动蛋白网络重排;细胞从基质脱离;细胞死亡。

杜氏嗜血杆菌 – HFF :分裂细胞单层,改变细胞形态,最后使细胞死亡。

牙龈卟啉单胞菌– 围绕细菌簇的长的微绒毛形成

Page 31: 细菌粘附到宿主细胞 Bacterial Adhesion to Host Cells

释放细胞因子,诱导调亡等

对吞噬细胞的作用

Page 32: 细菌粘附到宿主细胞 Bacterial Adhesion to Host Cells

研究前景

新抗菌策略 :

干扰病原菌与宿主细胞的粘附 疫苗

Page 33: 细菌粘附到宿主细胞 Bacterial Adhesion to Host Cells

Bacterial Entry into Host Cells

Page 34: 细菌粘附到宿主细胞 Bacterial Adhesion to Host Cells

细胞骨架 Cytoskeleton 既是细胞形态学的框架,同时也是发生信号传导

和膜结构变化等细胞内反应的场所。所有细胞内外信号刺激引起的信号传递过程中,细胞骨架都参与其中,通过迅速重组改变局部或整个细胞的形态。不同细胞的细胞骨架发挥各自不同的作用,例如巨噬细胞和中性粒细胞凭借细胞骨架运动并穿过组织,吞噬入侵的细菌;而上皮细胞则靠肌动蛋白结构维持与相邻细胞以及细胞下结构的牢固粘附和连结。

改变细胞骨架 侵入细胞

Page 35: 细菌粘附到宿主细胞 Bacterial Adhesion to Host Cells

细菌侵袭的机制

拉链机制 zipper mechanism – 细菌接触宿主细胞后,与宿主相应受体结合,激活宿主细胞信号转导系统,引发肌动蛋白细胞骨架重排。随后宿主膜包裹于菌体周围,细菌似陷入其中,此过程称为拉链机制。

耶尔森菌侵袭素

α 5β 1

整合素

YopH

casp130

α -辅肌动蛋白

踝蛋白

YopBYopDYopE

李斯特菌ActA

内在素A 内在素B

?硫酸乙酰肝素蛋白聚糖

上皮细胞钙依粘连蛋白或环连蛋白

磷脂酰肌醇3激酶

Rac

α -辅肌动蛋白

踝蛋白埃兹蛋白

拉链机制(zipper mechanism)

图1.细菌利用肌动蛋白宿主细胞骨架侵入非吞噬细胞的拉链式机制(此图主要引自文献[29],并经作者改动)

肌动蛋白丝重排 肌动蛋白丝重排

局部粘附激酶

Cdc42Rac-1

p

埃兹蛋白

注:图中Cdc42,Rac-1,Rho为GTP酶Rho家族

YopT

RhoA

粘附素

Page 36: 细菌粘附到宿主细胞 Bacterial Adhesion to Host Cells

traverse three human barriers—the intestinal barrier, the blood-brain barrier, and the fetoplacental barrier—leading to several clinical manifestations including gastroenteritis, meningitis, or abortion

•InlA binds to E-cadherin ( species-specific )•recruitment of two catenins: β-catenin and a-catenin. Actin polymerization in the InlA-dependent pathway relies on RhoGTPase Rac1, cortactin and Arp2/3•myosin VIIA and its ligand vezatin are alsorequired, probably generating the tension required for internalization of engulfed bacteria .

Page 37: 细菌粘附到宿主细胞 Bacterial Adhesion to Host Cells

Invasion of epithelial cells

In the InlB-dependent pathway of Listeria, the loosely cell-wall-attached bacterial protein InlB interacts with the molecule gC1qR, and with thesignaling receptor Met, which recruits several molecular adaptors, which will perform several functions including the recruitment of a PI3K (involvedin the activation of the RhoGTPase Rac1 and the polymerization of actin), and also the ubiquitination of Met and the endocytosis of the receptor viaa clathrin-dependent mechanisms. A balance between actin polymerization and actin depolymerization required for efficient bacterial entry is controlledby regulation of the activities of the Lim kinase and the actin depolymerizing factor cofilin

Page 38: 细菌粘附到宿主细胞 Bacterial Adhesion to Host Cells
Page 39: 细菌粘附到宿主细胞 Bacterial Adhesion to Host Cells

•The Yersinia outer membrane invasin interacts with β1 integrin receptors.•The short cytoplasmic tail of integrins has no enzymatic activity but recruits components that serve as linking or docking proteins for cytoskeletal-associated elements. FAK or the Src family of kinases are often associated with physiological integrin-mediated signaling, and Y. pseudotuberculosis subverts the function of these proteins to invade nonphagocytic cells. •Integrin engagement by invasin leads also to activation of several small GTPases, including Rac1, and Arf6, these proteins promote the recruitment to the bacterial entry site of the phosphatidylinositol-phosphate-5-kinase, inducing the local production of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-biphosphate, an important second messenger affecting the subcellular localization and activation of actin-regulating molecules to induce actin rearrangements at the site of bacterial entry, promoting invasion.

Page 40: 细菌粘附到宿主细胞 Bacterial Adhesion to Host Cells

脂多糖? Ipa复合物α 5β 1

整合素

IpaA

纽带蛋白

IpaB-IpaC复合物

α -辅肌动蛋白

丝束蛋白

埃兹蛋白桩蛋白

整合素?

志贺菌

I型菌毛

InvG

[Ca ]2+

三磷酸肌酸

α -辅肌动蛋白

踝蛋白埃兹蛋白

肌动蛋白丝重排

皮质肌动蛋白 p

pp60c-scr Cdc42RacRho

Cdc42Rac-1

SptP SopE

磷酸脂酶A2磷脂酰肌醇3激酶

SipA

SipB

SipC

绒毛蛋白

肌动蛋白丝重排

沙门菌

invosome

p

触发机制(trigger mechanism)

注:图中Cdc42,Rac-1,Rho为GTP酶Rho家族

图2.细菌利用肌动蛋白宿主细胞骨架侵入非吞噬细胞的触发式机制(此图主要引自文献[29],并经作者改动)

SipASipBSipC

触发机制 trigger mechanism – 细菌与宿主细胞表面接触后引起快速、大范围

的细胞骨架反应,胞浆膜下皱突的肌动蛋白丝聚合物伸出大型片状或伪足样结构,这种类似伪足的结构折返并与细胞表面融合,将膜包裹的细胞外物质卷入细胞内

Page 41: 细菌粘附到宿主细胞 Bacterial Adhesion to Host Cells

(B) Salmonella translocates several effectors into target cells, some of them allowing the initial uptake of the bacterium: SipC is part of the TTSS anddrives actin polymerization and actin-filament bundling; SopE activates Rho GTPases, fostering actin polimerization and membrane ruffle formation;SopB modulates inositol-polyphosphate metabolism, activating indirectly the same Rho GTPases as SopE; and SipA blocks the actin depolymerizationfactor cofilin, favoring also membrane ruffle formation. SptP plays a role once the internalization has taken place, inactivating the Rho GTPases,inhibiting actin polymerization, and helping the closure of the plasma membrane over internalized bacteria.

Page 42: 细菌粘附到宿主细胞 Bacterial Adhesion to Host Cells

(C) Shigella also translocates several TTSS effectors into target cells to induce invasion: the translocon component IpaC nucleates the formation ofactin filaments; VirA indirectly stimulates the RhoGTPase Rac1 favoring actin polymerization (the host tyrosine kinases Abl/Arg also activate indirectlyCdc42 and Rac1) and inhibits microtubule polymerization; IpgD affects phosphoinositide metabolism and promotes the extension of membrane ruffles by decreasing the interactions between the plasma membrane and the actin cytoskeleton; IpaA activates the host protein vinculin, inducing actindepolymerization and recovery of the plasma membrane architecture once the bacteria are internalized.

Page 43: 细菌粘附到宿主细胞 Bacterial Adhesion to Host Cells

共同点 均要在细胞外细菌刺激信号跨膜传递后采能引起局部肌动蛋白聚合

信号激活宿主细胞内已有的信号级联传递模式 均需细菌表达的特殊毒力因子参与 能量均来自宿主细胞

Page 44: 细菌粘附到宿主细胞 Bacterial Adhesion to Host Cells

细菌在细胞内的动力及播散

少数一些致病菌在宿主细胞溶解之前设法在细胞间进行播散。这些细菌分泌膜降解酶离开吞噬泡,在宿主细胞质中利用细胞骨架四处活动。这样,细菌可在细胞内运动和分裂,而包含细菌的膜延伸结构也可被邻近细胞吞入。致病菌通过这种独特的方式在宿主上皮细胞之间播散而始终处于细胞质中,从而逃避宿主抗体的作用。

李斯特菌,志贺菌,立克次体

Page 45: 细菌粘附到宿主细胞 Bacterial Adhesion to Host Cells

产单核细胞李氏菌 细菌表面肌动蛋白丝的聚合和延伸是受细菌表面蛋白调控的,但细菌尾状结构的组成及活动力则是由宿主细胞控制的。

细菌表面蛋白 ActA– 促使肌动蛋白丝在细菌表面聚

合– 肌动蛋白丝重排形成一个极化

的尾状结构以维持单一运动– 凭借其特异序列加速细菌运动。

宿主蛋白 – Arp2/3 复合物– Profilin – VASP– α-辅肌动蛋白

• 维持尾状结构中的肌动蛋白微丝的交互连结,维持尾状结构的机械稳定从而推动细菌运动。

Page 46: 细菌粘附到宿主细胞 Bacterial Adhesion to Host Cells

福氏志贺菌 志贺菌和李斯特菌的细胞内生活方式非常接近。

形成与产单核细胞李氏菌非常相似的富含肌动蛋白的尾状结构

IcsA ( intercellular spread A )或 VirG 。– 120Kda ,具 N端信号序列可传递信号至胞浆周区域,

C端 344个氨基酸序列( β 结构域)可将蛋白运送至宿主细胞外膜并固着其上。其余 706个氨基酸即 α 结构域与延伸至细胞外的蛋白 N端结合,此结构域可能在与宿主细胞蛋白相互作用中发挥作用。 α 结构域具有 5个富含甘氨酸的重复序列,可能与参与肌动蛋白丝聚合形成尾状结构的那些蛋白的结合密切相关。

IcsA 结合蛋白– 肌动蛋白结合蛋白纽带蛋白– 神经元Wiskott-Aldrich综合症蛋白 (N-WASP) 。

Page 47: 细菌粘附到宿主细胞 Bacterial Adhesion to Host Cells

动力产生过程

细菌表面蛋白与宿主因子结合引起肌动蛋白聚合(李斯特菌 Arp2/3 复合物,志贺菌 N-WASP 和其它一些不明因子)

肌动蛋白“云雾”在细菌一端形成尾状结构, 在宿主细胞另一套因子作用下,肌动蛋白丝在

细菌表面加速延伸,最终使细菌运动速度全面提高。

细菌动力所需能量均来自宿主细胞而非细菌本

身,细菌凭借基于肌动蛋白的动力系统可到达宿主细胞表面,并在细胞之间播散