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A main clause has a subject and a predicate and expresses a complete thought. It is the only type of clause that can stand alone as a sentence. Every sentence must have at least one main clause. Lori walked the dog.

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A subordinate clause has a subject and a predicate but does not express a complete thought, so it cannot stand alone as a sentence. I enjoy a hot bath after I work a full day.

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A subordinate clause is dependent on the rest of the sentence because a subordinate clause does not make sense by itself. A subordinate conjunction or relative pronoun usually introduces a subordinate clause.

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Who Whom Whoever Whomever Whichever Which Whose Whatever That What After As though Although Because Before Since When Unless While

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1. Television is a medium that is now universal. 2. A chimney sweep is a person who cleans chimneys. 3. I am thankful for everything that I have. 4. How a mother of triplets manages I will never know. 5. An automobile can easily hydroplane when the pavement is wet. 6. Would you please explain again to me how shortwave radios work? 7. The teachers whom the students admire are the ones who are always fair. 8. Because I like music, I often listen to the radio. 9. Before you take the test, read your notes. 10. Grocery managers try to stock everything that the customers want.

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There are 3 types of subordinate clauses: Adjective clause Adverb clause Noun clause

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An adjective clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a noun or pronoun. It may begin with a relative pronoun: who, whom, whose, that, which, where or when. An adjective clause normally follows the word it modifies.

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Athletes who perform in the Olympics must spend years in training. Cities that host the Olympics need many athletic facilities. Sometimes the relative pronoun is dropped from the beginning of an adjective clause. The mug I use most often came from the 1994 Olympics.

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Some adjective clauses are needed to make the meaning of a sentence clear: essential clause or restrictive clause. It must not be set off with commas. Tourists who travel to the games stay in hotels. The living area that is designated for the athletes is called the Olympic village.

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An adjective clause that is nonessential to the meaning of the sentences is called a nonessential clause or nonrestrictive clause. Always use commas to set off a nonessential clause. The athletes, who receive thousands of messages, appreciated this service. The Columbia Broadcasting System, which televised the 1998 Olympics, set up a Web site for the athletes.

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When choosing between that and which to introduce an adjective clause, use that to begin an essential clause and which to begin a nonessential clause. Millions watched the 1998 Winter Olympics, which took place in Nagano. Other competitions that include similar events are less publicized.

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A noun clause is a subordinate clause that is used as a noun within the main clause of the sentence. You can use a noun clause as a subject, direct object, indirect object, object of a preposition, or a predicate nominative.

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How However If That What Whatever When Where Wherever Which Whichever Who, whom Whomever Whose why

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An adverb clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb. It tells when, where, how, why, to what extent, or under what conditions.

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If Before When Because Than While

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1. Television is a medium that is now universal. 2. A chimney sweep is a person who cleans chimneys. 3. I am thankful for everything that I have. 4. How a mother of triplets manages I will never know. 5. An automobile can easily hydroplane when the pavement is wet. 6. Would you please explain again to me how shortwave radios work? 7. The teachers whom the students admire are the ones who are always fair. 8. Because I like music, I often listen to the radio. 9. Before you take the test, read your notes. 10. Grocery managers try to stock everything that the customers want.

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1. That is not what I told the investigator. 2. The outcome was fairly certain before the game ever started. 3. If you have any doubts, dont take this job. 4. I have no idea what I am supposed to say during the interview. 5. The old chair that Sean refinished looks beautiful now. 6. You may sit wherever you wish. 7. I cant remember how those pieces fit together. 8. The nearest street, which runs north and south, is Wilson street. 9. For his birthday, four-year old Jaime got a bike that has training wheels. 10. Why that light blinks constantly is a mystery.

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Declarative- makes a statement Joe moved to Alabama. Imperative- gives a command or makes a request. Write me a letter. Please send your address. Interrogative- asks a question. Do you like the weather? Exclamatory- expresses strong emotion I cant believe you moved! What were you thinking!

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1. How fast that meteorite is moving! 2. Why were you late? 3. Please leave your shoes at the door. 4. You need some help. 5. That cat is going to fall out of the tree. 6. Seventeen is an exciting age. 7. Isnt there a clock anywhere in this room? 8. First, convert the whole numbers to fractions. 9. A funnel cloud is forming right over there! 10. Buy your tickets before next Thursday.

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Simple sentence- contains only one main clause and no subordinate clauses. Musicians perform. Musicians and singers travel and perform. Musicians in popular bands give performances frequently.

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Compound- contains 2 or more main clauses. Many popular bands play rock n roll but others play rhythm and blues. People often have sent opinions about music; nevertheless, one should keep an open mind.

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1. Dark, threatening clouds rolled overhead, yet there was no rain. 2. In the morning, the bus arrives at nine oclock. 3. Please listen carefully, and the instructions will be clear. 4. Our team was clearly superior, but they lost the game. 5. Somewhere in this area is a wildlife refuge with deer and buffalo. 6. California is a huge state and is also populous. 7. Band members must remember both the music and their positions in formations. 8. Alicia baked the birthday cake, but Susanna ice and decorated it. 9. Many people want to attend the exhibit; however, tickets are no longer available. 10. Clothing styles move in cycles; todays fashions will reappear at some time in the future.

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A complex sentence has one main clause and one or more subordinate clauses. If you study the development of music, you will learn that music has been heavily influences by society.

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A compound complex sentence has two or more main clauses and at least one subordinate clause Billie Holiday, who lived from 1915 to 1958, grew up in a poor family, and she became a famous jazz singer.

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1. When he was in the third grade, Billy was energetic and friendly. 2. While you were in the shower, your mother called, and the letter carrier brought you a package. 3. No one knows what the future will bring. 4. Jennifer promised again and again that she would be here on time. 5. When a person hurries too much, mistakes are made, and accidents happen. 6. I scheduled a physics class; Joe chose biology because he prefers natural sciences. 7. Because they are both warm and comfortable, sweatshirts are great in cool weather. 8. Because bananas are so rich in potassium, they are staples in the American diet; they are relatively inexpensive too. 9. Todays topic is the Civil War; however, well talk about your research papers before we begin the lesson. 10. Apple pie is best when it is served with ice cream.

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A sentence fragment is an error that occurs when an incomplete sentence is punctuated as though it were complete. Played for as a child. Danielle scoring more points than any other player. The injured Danielle.

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A run-on sentence is two or more complete sentences written as though they were one sentence.

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There are 2 types of run-on sentences: 1. When 2 main clauses are joined by a comma only. (comma splice) Meteorology is fascinating to me, I watch the Weather Channel every day. 2. When 2 main clauses have no punctuation separating them. This occurs without a conjunction. Meteorology is fascinating to me I watch the Weather Channel every day. Meteorology is fascinating to me and I watch the Weather Channel every day.

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How to fix them? Add end punctuation Meteorology is fascinating to me. I watch the Weather Channel every day. Separate the clauses with a comma and conjunction Meteorology is fascinating to me, and I watch the Weather Channel every day. Add a semicolon and conjunctive adverb between the clauses Meteorology is fascinating to me; therefore, I watch the Weather Channel every day. Change one main clause to subordinate clause. Separate the two clauses with a comma if appropriate. Because meteorology is fascinating to me, I watch the Weather Channel every day.

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1. I picked some violets I like a spot of color in the house. 2. There goes my next-door neighbor, Eduardo Munoz, do you know him? 3. While we were waiting for the bus. 4. He could not answer the question, he was not discouraged. 5. If you are free tomorrow night. 6. Before you complete the assigned term paper. 7. Reading and basic addition in the first grade. 8. Lee Ann repaired the sink she was pleased with herself. 9. A tornado is approaching take cover immediately. 10. When a person is sound asleep.