“ A little after the year One Thousand, basilicas began to be built throughout the known land, and...
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“A little after the year One Thousand, basilicas began to be built throughout the known land, and especially in Italy and the
Gaul territories. And because the majority of them were still in good conditions and were
not lacking in anything, a great spirit of emulation overtook all Christian
populations: each wishing to surpass the next in magnificence. It was as if the world wanted to shake off the old, and cover itself
with a great white cloak of churches".
Romanesque Art 1050-1200
Raul Glaber
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Reasons for Revival of Large-Scale Architecture & Sculpture:
• relief over millennium
• replace destruction of 9th & 10th centuries invasions
• rise of towns
• new function of churches – not just for clergy but for laity
• beautify house of God
• PILGRIMAGES
Architectural Goals:
• height (towards heaven)
• light (metaphor for God)
• stone vaulting (1. fireproof 2. accoutstics 3. looks cool)
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Medieval Pilgrimage
Routes
RelicReliquary
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Ultimate destination was to Santiago de Compostela in Western Spain.
Legendary burial place of St. James; many miracles attributed
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Plan for the Monastery at St. Gall, Switzerland,
c. 819
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St. Just
CarolingianBasilica
St. SerninPilgrimage Church
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Sta. Sabina c. 425 St. Michael, Hildesheimc. 1000
St. Sernin c. 1100
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Nave
Transept
Apse
Crossing Square
Bay
Radiating Chapels(Absidioles)
Choir
Ambulatory
St. Sernin, Toulouse, 1080-1120
E
W
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St. Sernin, Toulouse, 1080-1120
tribune gallery
nave arcade
transverse arch
compound pier
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Barrel Vaulted Nave
Groin Vaulted Side Aisles
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Speyer Cathedral,
Speyer, Germany, begun 1030; nave vaults,
ca. 1082–1106
1. Groin Vaulted Nave
alternate support system
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La Madeleine, Vezelay, France, c. 1100-1120
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St. Etienne, Caen, France, c. 1068-1120 vaulted c. 1115–1120
2. RibbedVaults
sexpartite vault
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St. Etienne, Caen, France, c. 1068-1120 vaulted c. 1115–1120
3 Story Elevation:
ClerestoryGalleryNave Arcade
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Durham Cathedral, England, begun c. 1093
3. Pointed Arches
Gothic Alert !!
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Lateral section of Durham Cathedral
Quadrant Arch
Notre Dame, Paris, 1180-1200
4. Flying Buttress
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Amiens Cathedral, c.1220-1270 Gothic Pointed Arch
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Nave elevations of four French Gothic cathedrals at the same scale(a) Laon, (b) Paris, (c) Chartres, (d) Amiens.
clerestory
triforium
nave arcade
lancet &ocular windows
80' 107' 118' 144'
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Gothic Architecture – 13 th Century
“The Gothic Solution”
• Groin vaulted nave
• Ribbed vaults
• Pointed arches
• Flying Buttresses (only feature not used in Romanesque)
• 3 Story Elevation: nave arcade, triforium, clerestory
Skeletal framework and dissolution of walls