◊ 92 elements are naturally occurring, the rest are man-made ◊ 25 elements are found and needed...

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◊ 92 elements are naturally occurring, the rest are man-made ◊ 25 elements are found and needed by our body - Major Elements: O, C,H,N - Minor Elements: Ca, P, K, S, Na, Cl, Mg - Trace Elements: Fe, I, Zn, Cr, Se, F, Co, Mo, Cu, Mn, V, Sn, Si, Ni ◊ A 50-Kg person’s body contains the ff. quantities of each element: 32.5Kg O 750g Ca 120g Na

Transcript of ◊ 92 elements are naturally occurring, the rest are man-made ◊ 25 elements are found and needed...

Page 1: ◊ 92 elements are naturally occurring, the rest are man-made ◊ 25 elements are found and needed by our body - Major Elements: O, C,H,N - Minor Elements:

◊ 92 elements are naturally occurring, the rest are man-made◊ 25 elements are found and needed by our body

- Major Elements: O, C,H,N- Minor Elements: Ca, P, K, S, Na, Cl, Mg- Trace Elements: Fe, I, Zn, Cr, Se, F, Co,

Mo, Cu, Mn, V, Sn, Si, Ni

◊ A 50-Kg person’s body contains the ff. quantities of each element:

32.5Kg O 750g Ca 120g Na9Kg C 500g P 95g Cl5Kg H 175g K 25g Mg1.7Kg N 125g S 2.5g Fe

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EARLY SYMBOLS OF ELEMENTS (Used by Alchemists)

Antimony

Arsenic

Mercury

Carbon

Tin

Soap

Gold

Silver

Fire

Water

Lead

Copper

Iron

Oxygen

Nitrogen

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JONS JAKOB BERZELIUS

INVENTED THE PRESENT SYSTEM OF REPRESENTING THE ELEMENTS USNIG THE FIRST OR ANOTHER LETTER OF THEIR LATIN OR ENGLISH NAME.

Symbols are written with the first letter in upper case.

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Symbols of elements from Latin name

SYMBOL LATIN NAME

Na Natrium

K Kalium

Fe Ferrum

Cu Cuprum

Ag Argentum

Sn Stannum

Sb Stibium

Au Aurum

Hg Hydrargyrum

Pb Plumbum

*W Wolfram

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WAYS OF NAMING THE ELEMENTS From their discoverer/scientist –

examples are Md, Lr, No, Es, Fm

From the place of discovery – examples are Fr, Mg, Sc, Am, Bk, Eu

From their properties – examples are

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DEVELOPMENT OF THE PERIODIC TABLESCIENTIST CONTRIBUTION/S

1. Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner (German chemist)

• Arranged chemically similar elements in groups of 3 known as the Dobereiner’s Triads• Examples are 1. Ca, Sr, Ba 2. Cl, Br, I 3. Li, Na, K

2. John Newlands (English chemist in 1864)

 1 2 3 4Li Be B C

Na Mg Al Si

• Formulated the Law of Octaves after noticing that the properties of elements if arranged in groups of 8 tend to recur periodically• He Law of Octaves was found to be inapplicable after the element Ca 5 6 7 8N O F Na

P S Cl K

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DEVELOPMENT OF THE PERIODIC TABLE (Con’t)SCIENTIST CONTRIBUTION/S

3. Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev (Russian chemist in 1870)

• Grouped the elements according to increasing atomic masses by following the Periodic Law – states that the properties of elements are the periodic functions of their atomic masses.• Eventually created the first periodic table which had only 66 elements and had gaps that suggested the existence of other elements yet to be discovered.• He predicted the elements Sc, Ga, Ge (ekasilicon) even before they were discovered.

4. Henry Moseley (English physicist in 1913)

• Grouped the elements according to increasing atomic numbers and made the modern Period Law – states that the chemical and physical properties of elements tend to vary periodically if the elements are arranged in increasing atomic numbers.• He did this by observing the frequencies of X – rays emitted by atoms of elements were correlated with the sizes of their nuclear charges, which he then called the atomic number (Z).

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Mendeleev’s Periodic Table

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DIVISIONS OF THE P.T.1. PERIODS – are the horizontal

arrangements of elements in the p.t. (7 rows)

2. GROUPS/FAMILIES - are the vertical arrangements of elements in the p.t.a. Int’l Union of Pure and Applied Chem (IUPAC) version – 1 through 18 groups, new versionb. Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) version – Group A (I – VIII) main or representative elements- Group B (I – VIII) transition elements Inner

TransitionOuter Transition

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DIVISIONS OF P.T. CONTINUES

3. Metals, Nonmetals, Metalloids

4. s,p,d,f blocks

http://www.gordonengland.co.uk/elements/blocks.htm

s pd

f

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4 Categories of Groups by Bohr

1. A Group – main/representative elements- composed of metals & nonmetals &

metalloids where s & p sublevels are filled up partially or completely

2. Group O- Are nonmetals at the end of each

period- Also known as the noble or inert

gases; they are very unreactive- Have completely filled the s & p

sublevels except He.

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Categories by Bohr Continues

3. B Group - Are the transition elements- Metals where the d sublevel is being filled up4. Inner Transition elements- Metals where the f sublevel is being filled up- 2 types: lanthanide -> 4f sublevel is filled

-> rare earth metals actinide -> 5f sublevel is filled

-> radioactive elements

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The Different Main Elements

Alkali Metals

Alkaline earth

metalsBoron group

Carbon Group

Nitrogen Group

Oxygen Group

Halogen Group


After completing this topic you should be able to : State elements are created in the stars from simple elements by nuclear fusion. All naturally occurring.

After completing this topic you should be able to : State elements are created in the stars from simple elements by nuclear fusion. All naturally occurring.

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