© 2018 IJRAR November 2018, Volume 5, Issue 4 ...Rajeev Kumar1,2, Manpreet Singh1, Jujhar...

© 2018 IJRAR November 2018, Volume 5, Issue 4 www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138)

IJRAR1BEP008 International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR) www.ijrar.org 38

Fabrication and analysis of Self-healing Glass fibre

reinforced mono leaf spring composite

Rajeev Kumar1,2, Manpreet Singh1, Jujhar Singh3,JaiinderPreet Singh1, Piyush Gulati1, Sumit Shoor1

1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lovely Professional University

Phagwara, India 2Research Scholar, Inder Kumar Gujral Punjab Technical University

Kapurthala, India 3Department of Mechanical Engineering Inder Kumar Gujral Punjab Technical University

Kapurthala, India

Abstract: The paper presents the critical review on biological system of self-curing agents and catalysts in which

damage triggers an automatic healing response. In the first phase, importance and significance of a glass fibre

reinforced composite will be discussed, which is an inevitable part of an automobile suspension system, is

embedded with microcapsule based self-healing agent named as dicyclopentadiene that prevents sudden

breakdown/failure of automobile suspension components resulted from micro cracks produced in the material

due to constant load application. In this paper the ordinary (without self-healing properties) specimen of glass

fibre reinforced composite mono leaf spring are compared to self-healed specimen of glass fibre reinforced

composite mono leaf spring in term of load applied and corresponding displacement with respect to time. In the

next phase testing is conducted on numeric control horizon load testing machine which automatically increase

the loads after pre-defined intervals of time and displays the corresponding deflections. A glass fiber epoxy

matrix composite mono leaf spring, which contains a microencapsulated healing agent that is out upon crack

production, is the self-healing component under investigation. Chemical epoxy resin is used in the hardener or

catalyst. Embedded Grubb's catalyst triggers the polymerization of the self-healing agent. The effects of healing

efficiency of agent and catalyst are investigated along with fracture mechanism of specimen. Moreover, the

paper will also focus on addition of microcapsule-based healing substituents toughens the glass fiber epoxy

matrix and avoids sudden fracture.

Keywords: Composite leaf spring, Glass fibre Reinforcement, self-healing.

1. Introduction and requirement of composite leaf spring

Weight reduction has become the primary focus of automotive manufacturing in the modern world of

technological advances. These composite materials other than metal often undergoes breakdown, fracture or

damage resulted from different engineering applications, precisely when it is plunged by static and fatigue loads.

These breakdowns are a result of micro cracks produced in the material which further result in material failure.

But this problem can be overcome by using self-healing technology. This can be done by embedding micro

healing agents that fills the crack immediately to avoid breakdown of mono composite leaf spring. In addition,

most self-healing agents are widely applicable, such as dcyclopentadiene, nanotubes, various epoxy glues, etc.

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[1-4] This was made possible by the use of composite materials to decrease the weight of the leaf spring short of

any deduction on the load carrying capacity and rigidity. Various studies have been conducted on the

implications for the automotive suspension system of composite structures.

In this paper various healing techniques, healing agents and how they are putt together in material to heal or cure

micro cracks [6] by itself to a mono composite leaf spring for light passenger vehicles. This report spotlights the

testing of an ordinary composite mono leaf spring and the same with self-healing agent [7-8] to plot a difference

between the on-load performances of both. The natural consequences of material applications are deterioration,

damage and failure. Traditionally, engineering work has either centered on designing new materials with

improved robustness or creating non-destructive testing methods for product inspection, but ultimately all

engineered materials fail. By contrast, in an elegant fashion, biological systems approach the same dilemma: by

self-healing. Self-healing materials are capable of restoring themselves and recovering functionality using the

tools that are naturally available to them. The second response is to transport materials at a relatively rapid rate to

the damage site. External factors such as load intensity, strain level, and stress amplitude determine the rate of

damage for a component [12]. Nevertheless, the healing speed can be modified or tailored for different modes of

damage by, for example, adjusting the kinetics of the reaction by concentration or temperature of the organism.

Figure 1.1 displays chemical and biological healing paths. (Right) Wound healing takes three sequential phases

in biological systems, the first of which is an urgent one. Response to inflammation, including blood clotting.

Cell proliferation and deposition of the matrix happens in the second stage and can last for several days. The

long-term solution is the remodelling of the matrix, often lasting for several months. (Left) Damage healing

occurs in synthetic materials through an immediate response that stimulates (triggers) the healing mechanism.

(Breakdown of embedded microcapsules, for example). The second stage, when activated, involves transporting

chemical species at a relatively rapid pace to the damage site. Chemical repair takes place during the ending

stage of healing and can last for several hours or days.[3]




Figure 1.1 Self-healing cycle (damage, actuation, transport, and repair) (1)

1.1 APPROACHES TO SELF-HEALING IN COMPOSITES

Self-healing materials can be classified broadly into three groups:

1. Capsule based, (Figure 1.2a)

2. Vascular (Figure 1.2b)

3. Intrinsic (Figure 1.2c).

The method used to impound the healing feature until it is activated by damage varies from each approach. The

form of sequestration for each treatment determines the amount of damage that can be healed, the repeatability of

healing, and the speed of recovery. This section presents an impression of the approaches used to prepare

materials for self-healing and many of the related publications for each approach.

Capsule-based self-healing materials (Figure 1.2a) in separate capsules sequester the healing agent. The self-

healing mechanism is caused by the reaction of the healing agent in the area of damage when the capsules are

ruptured by injury. The local healing agent is exhausted after release, resulting in a unique local healing activity.




Figure 1.2 Capsule-based self-healing material design cycle (1)

Self-healing materials based on capsules (a) Capsule-based self-healing involves four big sequestration schemes.

Sequestered element materials are marked as 1 and 2. (1) Capsule-catalyst systems include an summarized

healing agent and a dispersed substance phase, including the capsule-catalyst system of Dicyclopentadiene

(DCPD). Dispersed catalyst stage, including Dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) capsule-catalyst process. The design

cycle for capsule-based self-healing materials consists of (1) the development of encapsulation / separation

techniques, (2) the integration of capsules into the bulk material, (3) the classification of mechanical properties,

(4) the validation and release of healing agents. and (5) evaluation of healing performance

2. Methodology and Experimental work

Glass fiber is a refined product of glass in form of very thin strands having size 0.0001micro millimeters and

having properties to support the composite against deflections and loads. In addition this product is extremely

light in weight in contrast with other fabrics.

Figure 2.1 Bi-directional glass fiber fabric

It has transparent with light whitish appearance. This is used in different samples with varying proportion. For

instance 10 samples are prepared and in each sample percentage of glass fiber varies in sample thickness ranging




from 20mm to 50 mm size. Random glass fiber. This is similar to glass fiber fabric but is a random bundle of

small glass fiber strands.

Figure 2.2 Random glass fiber strands

Epoxy resin chemical also known as polyepoxides which is the major by weight constituent in research simple

which is used as binder material into the glass fiber reinforced composite mono leaf springsample Epoxy Resin

Hardener, are polyaminoamide/polyaminoimidazoline epoxy hardeners include 1245 epoxy curing agent, 1450

epoxy curing agent, 1502 epoxy curing agent. Hardener is catalyst part of epoxy resin which brings chemical

reaction and results in hardening of sample solution. In this experiment it took about 15 to 20 minutes to hard the

solution. The quantity used is 50 grams in one kg of epoxy resin solution. It has transparent appearance and

pungent smell. Self-healing agent, Dicyclopentadiene (10grams in one kg epoxy resin chemical) in

dicyclopentadiene is used as microcapsules based agent that fills the micro cracks so that material can regain its

strength while cracking, which enhances the load carrying capacity and avoid sudden breakdown as well. It

appears like white crystals at room temperature. Grubb’s catalyst is used along with to fast the reaction when

microcapsules break. Below are the properties of dicyclopentadiene:

2.1 Material Properties

The composition of the FRCM consist the epoxy resin as the binder. Epoxy resins are thermosetting resins of

high performance that show a unique combination of properties. Epoxy resins have been available on the market

for nearly half a century. Epoxy resins are one of the most flexible polymers that can be used across a wide range

of industries. In addition, epoxy resin systems are capable of healing at low or high temperatures and need only

minimally pressure during the healing process. Therefore, under many adverse conditions, even outdoors,

epoxies can be applied and healed. In many sectors involved for material manufacturing, these properties have

significant added value. Epoxy resins have been available on the market for nearly half a century. For most

applications, epoxy resins are not the lowest-cost resins available. Therefore, to justify their additional costs,

epoxy resins must provide added value. Generally, the integration of a special property or combination of

properties into the final product realizes this added value.

2.2 Mold preparation: A mold of desired geometry of composite leaf spring will be prepared in which the

amount of each constituent will be added layer by layer by weight percentages. In addition on desired thickness




level the material will be pressed by means of mold cover plate. Moreover heat treatments will be given to

achieve appropriate adhesive properties of each material added before.

Figure 2.3 Mold die and cover plate

2.3 Prepration of an ordinary sample: below is the ordinary sample in which no self healing agent is added. It

took 2 hours to prepare the sample . it requir slow hardning of material to bind properly. In fast cooling

,adhesives do not work efficiently.

Figure. 2.4 Prepared and cleaned specimen

2.4 Prepration of self-healing sample: in this self healing material (Dicyclopentadiene microcapsule based)is

added. These micropasules resist againts microcracks produce during load application and prevent sudden

breakdown of composite matereial which otherwise imposible in ordinary sample.

Figure. 2.5 layers of specimen




Figure. 2.6 Ordinary and self-healed sample

2.5 Load testing of ordinary samples:

Load testing is performed on horizon load and displacement testing machine which is hydraulically operated.

This machine is equipped with pressure gauge which displays the applied load in kilogram force (kgf) and

corresponding displacement in millimeters (mm). in addition time is considered along with applied loads and

displacements for different category of samples.

Figure 2.7 cracks start at boundary region

Figure. 2.8 Time break of load




Figure 2.9 loading after time break for self-healed specimen

3 Result and discussion

Ordinary and self-healing samples are prepared with varying thickness and material compositions, Graphs are

plotted between load (kgf), displacement(mm) with respect to time(min), Load and time is plotted on y-axis and

displacement is plotted on x-axis, Width of each sample is kept constant as 55mm, Length of sample is constant

as 2.5 feet.

Figure 3.1 Load, displacement, time curve before time break




Figure.3.2 Load, displacement, time curve after time break with self-healed area

Following Observation were obtained from the data set:

Category

SAMPLE-1

Thick

-ness

(mm)

t1

Maximum

load,

(kgf)

Pmax

Time at

max. load

(minutes)

Tmax

Displacement

at maximum

load(mm)

ᵟ Max

Fracture

displacement

(m m)

ᵟfracture

Ordinary sample

(stage-1) 20 90 2 10 nill

Self-healed sample

(stage-1) 20 100 2.5 10 nill

TIME DELAY: 5 MINUTES

Ordinary sample

(stage-2) 20 91 2 10 24

Self-healed sample

(stage-2) 20 132 3.3 10 25

Table: 3.1 Observation table of category sample-1




Figure. 3.3 Load, displacement, time curve before time break

Figure. 3.4 Load, displacement, time curve after time break with self-healed area




Category

SAMPLE-2

Thickness

(mm)

t2

Maximum

load

(kgf)

Pmax

Time at max.

load(minutes)

Tmax

Displacement

at maximum

load(mm)

ᵟ Max

Fracture

displacement

(mm)

ᵟfracture Ordinary sample

(stage-1)

30 138 3.5 10 nill

Self-healed

sample

(stage-1)

30 149 3.8 9 nill

TIME DELAY : 4 MINUTES

Ordinary sample

(stage-2)

30 138 3.5 10 22

Self-healed

sample

(stage-2)

30 181 4.5 9 25

Table. 3.2 Observation table of category sample-2

Figure. 3.5 Load, displacement, time curve before time break




Figure. 3.6 Load, displacement, time curve after time break with self-healed area

Category

SAMPLE-3

Thicknes

s

(mm)

t3

Maximum

load

(kgf) Pmax

Time at max.

load(minutes)

Tmax

Displacement at

maximum

load(mm)

ᵟ Max

Fracture

displacem

ent

(mm)

ᵟfracture

Ordinary sample

(stage-1) 40 182 2.2 10 nill

Self-healed sample

(stage-1) 40 206 2.5 9 nill

TIME DELAY : 3 MINUTES

Ordinary sample

(stage-2) 40 182 2.2 10 22

Self-healed sample

(stage-2) 40 263 3.3 9 26

Table. 3.3 Observation table of category sample-3

During the experimentation there are some intensive processes that came into the picture about the micro

behaviour of specimen which resulted in some internal mutations in the material along load applications




The broad analyses that are spotlighted in the experimentations are as follows:

The self- healing in the specimen containing self-curing agent takes place in a reactive phenomenon which

completers in three steps as shown in Figure 3.7. During specimen preparation the self-healing agent is added on

uniformly throughout the layers along with the Grubb’s catalyst. This catalyst reacts with healing agent that is

dicyclopentadiene and produce micro capsules as shown in Figure 3.7. These capsules remain intact until air

does not touch through micro cracks.

When crack approaches the liquid filled capsules along with air contact, the self-healing liquid fills the crack that

results in polymerization of liquid into solid form and material regain its mechanical strength which is impossible

in an ordinary specimen.

The micro cracks produced in the ordinary sample up to load break are 5 to 15 micrometers in size.

Figure 3.7 Three steps in self-healing (polymerization) (1)

After the load break these micro cracks turned into macro cracks (larger in size 30 to 60 micrometers) after

further load application these macro level cracks result in sudden fracture of material as shown in the graphs.

Testing of individual sample is accomplished in two stages that is stage-1 (before load break) and stage-2 (after

load break). With increase in thickness and fiber layers there is no drastic change in the weight of samples. In

contrast, self-healed sample of glass fiber reinforced mono leaf spring withstood more load and lasted longer

than ordinary one because of self-healing properties. When micro cracks come in contact with the microcapsule

based dicyclopentadiene, they exploded and fill the healing agent into the cracks. This filling is further assisted

by air and Grubb’s catalyst that helps the micro capsule liquid to become harder instantly into the cracks. This

crack filling helps the material to regain its strength and load carrying capacity in stage-2 when load is reapplied

after load break of few minutes. This self-filling enhanced the load carrying capacity of the self- healed

composite mono leaf spring. The weight of the samples did not exceed 1.5 kg. This is because of light weight

glass fiber and epoxy resin chemical. Moreover, with increase in thickness the load carrying capacity of

composite leaf spring oscillates.

In addition, the time duration in which the auto curing samples bears load also oscillated which depicts that the

self-curing material can carry more load for more time than an ordinary sample and hence avoids sudden

breakdown of material Performance comparison of specimen in three categories:




The results of experiments are basically the comparison of load carrying performances and corresponding

displacements with respect to time of ordinary and self-healed specimen. Consequently, the self-healed zone

has shown the increased performances of different self-cured specimen. There is rise in load carrying capacity

and load withstanding time for every category of sample with different specification (incudes thickness, width,

length of curvature) as below:

For category sample-1: there is rise in load and time curve in which material has shown 42 kgf rise in load for

1.3 minutes of extended time.

Category sample-1 Maximum load withstood

before fracture(kgf) Pmax

Time with respect to

maximum load(minutes)

Tmax

Ordinary sample-1 90 2

Self-healed sample-1 132 3.3

Rise in load and time

Prise and Trise 42 1.3

Table 3.4 Rise in load and time in category sample-1

For category sample-2: there is rise in load and time curve in which material has shown 39 kgf rise in load for 1

minutes of extended time.





Tmax

Ordinary sample-2 138 3.5



P rise and T rise 39 1





For category sample-3: there is rise in load and time curve in which material has shown 81 kgf rise in load for

1.1 minute of extended time.





Tmax

Ordinary sample-3 182 2.2



P rise and T rise 81kgf 1.1


In this paper the testing of individual specimen is illustrated using load, displacement and time variables on

horizon load testing machine. The prepared specimen material exhibits good self-healing properties which is

impossible for other conventional composite components in the automotive. Self-healed composite mono leaf

spring specimen also exhibits good damping properties. Self-healed composite mono leaf spring is an appropriate

material for light automobile passenger vehicles that avoids sudden breakdown that other conventional leaf

springs undergo most of the time due to bad road structure. Each self-healed specimen shown more load carrying

capacity and durability in contrast with ordinary specimen. Self-healed composite mono leaf spring is much

lighter in weight than other conventional component. The crack formation takes place at a load less than that of

maximum load and instantly micro capsule based self-healing dicyclopentadiene come into action to recover the

micro cracks. With the increase in glass fiber layers the percentage of self- healing agent and corresponding

catalysts also has to be increased.

Conclusion and future scope:

In final analysis it can be proclaimed from the above discussion, experiments and results that materials can be

made with a tendency of self-curing properties similar to human body tissues that are self-repairable

autonomously. This whole paper responds to comparison of gradual load increasing but other composite

component undergo deterioration due to fatigue, creep that is long timing static load and moreover temperature

pressure and other environmental effects cannot be ignored that results in damage. From this paper it is clear that

self-healing micro capsules have longer life which can work even after decades of years. Hence self-healing

technique is applicable to damage and degradation caused by any of the reason.




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