© 2015 Universal Uclick Hawaiian...
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© 2015 Universal Uclick from The Mini Page © 2014 Universal Uclick Formed From Volcanoes Hawaiian Islands For more than 30 years, lava has been pouring from Kilauea (KEE-lah- way-ah) on Hawaii Island in Hawaii. In November 2014, it headed toward a small town and burned down a house. The residents had plenty of warning, and no one was hurt. People in Hawaii are used to living on active volcanoes. The Hawaiian Islands were formed from the same kind of lava flows now threatening the small town. Right now, an erupting volcano is creating what could become a new Hawaiian island. The Mini Page talked with a geologist from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) Hawaiian Volcano Observatory to learn more about these exciting volcanic islands. Earth like an egg The Earth is made up of three main layers: the crust, the mantle and the core. Picture it like a boiled egg. The thin outer layer is the Earth’s crust. This is like the eggshell. The continents and land under the sea make up the crust. Right under the crust is a layer of super-hot rock called the mantle. This is like the egg white. The mantle is so hot that part of the rock is melted, or molten. The core is in the middle of the Earth. It is made of metal, mostly iron and nickel. We can think of this as the egg yolk. But unlike a yolk, the core has two parts. The hot, hot core The outer core is so hot that the metal is melted. The outer core is like a sea of liquid metal. The solid iron inner core is about as big as the moon, and it is as hot as the surface of the sun. But the rest of the planet puts so much pressure on the inner core that it stays solid. It doesn’t melt like the outer core. photo courtesy Hawaii County Streams of lava fall into the ocean from Kilauea Volcano on Hawaii Island. Lava from Hawaiian volcanoes usually flows only a few miles per hour. A person could escape by walking quickly. However, sometimes, if the lava is flowing down a steep hill, it can move as fast as 35 miles per hour. On June 27, 2014, lava from a new Kilauea vent, or opening, started heading toward the town of Pahoa on Hawaii Island. It set fire to this house in November. Kilauea has destroyed 215 buildings since 1983. photo courtesy USGS art courtesy NASA INNER CORE OUTER CORE MANTLE CRUST
Transcript of © 2015 Universal Uclick Hawaiian...
© 2015 Universal Uclick
from The Mini Page © 2014 Universal UclickFormed From Volcanoes
Hawaiian Islands For more than 30 years, lava has been pouring from Kilauea (KEE-lah-way-ah) on Hawaii Island in Hawaii. In November 2014, it headed toward a small town and burned down a house. The residents had plenty of warning, and no one was hurt. People in Hawaii are used to living on active volcanoes. The Hawaiian Islands were formed from the same kind of lava flows now threatening the small town. Right now, an erupting volcano is creating what could become a new Hawaiian island. The Mini Page talked with a geologist from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) Hawaiian Volcano Observatory to learn more about these exciting volcanic islands.
Earth like an egg The Earth is made up of three main layers: the crust, the mantle and the core. Picture it like a boiled egg. The thin outer layer is the Earth’s crust. This is like the eggshell. The continents and land under the sea make up the crust. Right under the crust is a layer of super-hot rock called the mantle. This is like the egg white. The mantle is so hot that part of the rock is melted, or molten. The core is in the middle of the Earth. It is made of metal, mostly iron and nickel. We can think of this as the egg yolk. But unlike a yolk, the core has two parts.
The hot, hot core The outer core is so hot that the metal is melted. The outer core is like a sea of liquid metal. The solid iron inner core is about as big as the moon, and it is as hot as the surface of the sun. But the rest of the planet puts so much pressure on the inner core that it stays solid. It doesn’t melt like the outer core.
photo courtesy Hawaii County
Streams of lava fall into the ocean from Kilauea Volcano on Hawaii Island.Lava from Hawaiian volcanoes usually flows only a few miles per hour. A person could escape by walking quickly. However, sometimes, if the lava is flowing down a steep hill, it can move as fast as 35 miles per hour.
On June 27, 2014, lava from a new Kilauea vent, or opening, started heading toward the town of Pahoa on Hawaii Island. It set fire to this house in November. Kilauea has destroyed 215 buildings since 1983.
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Born in the Sea
Ready Resourcesfrom The Mini Page © 2014 Universal Uclick
The Mini Page provides ideas for websites, books or other resources that will help you learn more about this week’s topics.
On the Web:• hvo.wr.usgs.gov• nps.gov/havo• bit.ly/1vwSlty• to.pbs.org/1CtpvPX• volcano.si.edu/tdpmapAt the library:• “Volcanoes and Earthquakes” by Susanna van Rose
F I I A W A H C I N O T C E TS L T E S L C T C N I T X E KE R O O G E A O E L T N A M IA R O W P G A V R T O H C E LM E I C T O P S A E V H R A AO R I S K S D N A L S I U R UU U R L E O N A C L O V S T EN P O E V I S O L P X E T H AT T N N I A T N U O M L I O S
Words that remind us of Hawaiian volcanoes are hidden in the block below. Some words are hidden backward or diagonally. See if you can find: CORE, CRUST, EARTH, EGG, ERUPT, EXPLOSIVE, EXTINCT, FLOW, HAWAII, HOT, IRON, ISLANDS, KILAUEA, LAVA, MANTLE, MOUNTAIN, RISE, ROCK, SEA, SEAMOUNT, SOIL, SPOT, TECTONIC, TOP, VOLCANO.
Hawaiifrom The Mini Page © 2014 Universal Uclick
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Earth in motion The Earth’s crust is made up of at least 12 huge pieces that once fit together like a gigantic jigsaw puzzle. These pieces are called plates, or tectonic plates. Tectonic comes from the Greek word meaning “to build.” Tectonic plates are constantly moving. Experts believe they have been drifting on the surface of the Earth for more than 4 billion years.
Hot spot under Hawaii Most volcanoes form where the edges of two plates come together. But the Hawaiian volcanoes erupt in the middle of the Pacific Plate, about 2,000 miles from the edge. Experts believe the Hawaiian volcanoes are over a hot spot in the Earth. A hot spot is an area in the mantle where the rock has been melting for millions of years.
The eight main Hawaiian Islands are the youngest islands in a chain of volcano-made mountains. The chain stretches about 3,700 miles, from Hawaii almost to Siberia in Russia. Most of these mountains are under water. They form the Hawaiian-Emperor seamount chain.
Mountains under the sea The hot spot under Hawaii is melting parts of the Pacific Plate. The melted rock is called magma. Erupting magma builds up to form volcanic mountains on the sea floor. Eventually, some of those mountains rise above sea level, forming islands. The Hawaiian Islands are all actually the tops of volcanoes. Each island is made up of one or more volcanoes.
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Experts believe Hawaii is over a hot spot that has been active for more than 70 million years. Magma erupts through the crust to form volcanoes. Once the magma has burst through the crust onto the surface, it is called lava.
art courtesy USGS
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from The Mini Page © 2014 Universal Uclick
Meet Jacob Bertrand Jacob Bertrand stars as Kirby in the Disney XD series “Kirby Buckets.” In the show, Kirby wants to be an animator. The series is a mixture of live action and animation. Jacob has acted in several TV shows, including “Marvin Marvin” and the TV movie “Jinxed.” He was a voice actor for the animated series “Bubble Guppies” and the
movies “Rise of the Guardians” and “ParaNorman.” He has also acted in TV commercials. Jacob, 14, lives in Los Angeles with his parents, older sister and younger brother. He enjoys playing the guitar, singing and writing songs. He plays soccer and studies martial arts.
from The Mini Page © 2014 Universal Uclick
You’ll need:
What to do:1. Preheat oven to 350 degrees. Arrange muffin liners in muffin pan.2. Mix flour, baking powder, baking soda and salt in a medium bowl.3. In a separate bowl, combine mashed banana, sugar, sour cream, egg, vanilla
and cinnamon.4. Stir banana mixture into flour mixture until just combined. Add chopped
pecans. Spoon into prepared muffin pan.5. Bake for 18 to 20 minutes until done. Makes 10 to 12 muffins.You will need an adult’s help with this recipe.
TM
Rookie Cookie’s RecipeBanananutty Muffins
from The Mini Page © 2014 Universal Uclick
Dylan: What did the pickle say at the start of the card game?
Debbie: “Dill me in!”
All the following jokes have something in common. Can you guess the common theme or category?
Donnie: What is green and likes to peck at trees?Dennis: Woody Woodpickle!
TM MightyFunny’s Mini Jokes
Devin: Why did the cucumber need legal advice?Darlene: Because it was in a pickle!
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Mini SpyMini Spy and Alpha Mouse are exploring one
of Hawaii’s volcanos. See if you can find: q word MINIq dragon q bucket q giraffe q catq safety pin q snake q letter L q netq lips q cherry q elephant head q fishq lizard q frog q tadpole q bird
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• 1 cup whole-wheat flour• 1 tablespoon baking powder• 1/2 teaspoon baking soda• 1/4 teaspoon salt• 1 cup mashed ripe bananas
(2 medium bananas)
• 1/4 cup white sugar• 1/4 cup fat-free sour cream• 1 egg• 1/2 teaspoon vanilla extract• 1/2 teaspoon cinnamon• 1/3 cup chopped pecans
from The Mini Page © 2014 Universal Uclick
Iona College runner Kate Avery found herself in a familiar spot at the 2014 NCAA Cross Country Championships in Terre Haute, Indiana, on Nov. 22. At the 2013 championships, she had led most of the 6,000-meter final, but was passed twice on the final 1,000 meters and finished third. A year later, she was right back at the front as the finish line approached. One difference the second time around was that Kate’s Iona teammates from New Rochelle, New York, were there to cheer her on. Both the women’s and men’s cross country teams qualified for the championships, with the women finishing ninth overall and the men taking eighth place. Encouraged by her fellow Gaels, Kate powered through to the end, taking first place and becoming the first-ever women’s national champion in Iona athletics history. The U.S. Track & Field and Cross Country Coaches Association later named her the Women’s National Cross Country Athlete of the Year.
TM Kate AveryGoldie
Goodsport’sSupersport
Height: 5-8Age: 23
Hometown: Newton Aycliffe, England
from The Mini Page © 2014 Universal Uclick
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Volcano Islands
The Mini Page StaffBetty Debnam - Founding Editor and Editor at Large Lisa Tarry - Managing Editor Lucy Lien - Associate Editor Wendy Daley - Artist
Next week, The Mini Page celebrates the first phone line to be laid across the United States.
Look through your newspaper for stories and pictures of powerful natural events.
The Mini Page thanks Janet Babb, geologist, U.S. Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, for help with this issue.
Tropical paradise Part of the reason the Hawaiian Islands have such rich plant growth is because soil made from volcanoes is some of the most fertile on Earth. If there is enough rain, plants can begin growing in a lava-covered area within a year of an eruption.
Volcanoes of Hawaii Hawaii has six active volcanoes. Two of the most active, Mauna Loa (MAH-oo-nah LOW-uh) and Kilauea, are on Hawaii Island. Loihi (low-EE-hee) is erupting off the southern coast of Hawaii Island. In about 250,000 years, experts believe, a new Hawaiian island could rise above the sea. Mauna Loa is the biggest active volcano on Earth. It makes up about half of Hawaii Island and is about 56,000 feet high from its bottom under the sea to its top, about twice as tall as Mount Everest. Experts believe it has been erupting off and on for about 700,000 years. Its most recent eruption was in 1984. Kilauea is one of the most active volcanoes on Earth. It has been erupting steadily since 1983. It may have been erupting on and off for 300,000 to 600,000 years. There are now two active vents on Kilauea.
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Most of Kilauea’s eruptions have been with slow-moving lava flows. On the average, each day it produces enough lava to fill about 100 Olympic-size swimming pools.
Kilauea has periods of mostly explosive activity, then goes through long periods when it erupts molten lava, like it is doing now.
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In November 2014, lava from Kilauea flowed through an orchard near Pahoa.
Moving past the hot spot The Pacific Plate moves a few inches a year. The hot spot stays in the same place for millions of years. Right now, it is under Hawaii Island. As the plate moves, the volcano that formed above the hot spot is carried away from the hot spot. Eventually, this volcano is so far from the hot spot that it goes extinct, or stops erupting. But a new volcano, fed by the hot spot, begins to form behind the old one.
These special volcanoes The Hawaiian volcanoes are different from most volcanoes, which usually erupt in an explosion. Hawaiian volcanoes usually erupt with lava flows, but they do have a few explosive eruptions as well. Volcanoes that erupt with slow lava flows look different from explosive volcanoes. They are wider and more rounded than the tall, steep cones of explosive volcanoes. These volcanoes are called shield volcanoes because they look like the shields carried by ancient Roman warriors.
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Mauna Loa is a shield volcano that last erupted in 1984. Shield volcanoes are formed by a large number of eruptions of lava that flows easily. Explosive volcano lava is usually thicker.
