© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 1. 2 3 Sun Heat Primary producers Primary consumers Detritus...

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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 1

Transcript of © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 1. 2 3 Sun Heat Primary producers Primary consumers Detritus...

Page 1: © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 1. 2 3 Sun Heat Primary producers Primary consumers Detritus Secondary and tertiary consumers Microorganisms and other.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 1

Page 2: © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 1. 2 3 Sun Heat Primary producers Primary consumers Detritus Secondary and tertiary consumers Microorganisms and other.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 2

Page 3: © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 1. 2 3 Sun Heat Primary producers Primary consumers Detritus Secondary and tertiary consumers Microorganisms and other.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 3

Page 4: © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 1. 2 3 Sun Heat Primary producers Primary consumers Detritus Secondary and tertiary consumers Microorganisms and other.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Sun

Heat

Primary producers

Primaryconsumers

Detritus

Secondary andtertiary

consumers

Microorganismsand other

detritivores

Key

Chemical cycling

Energy flow

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Measures of Production

GPP: Gross Primary Production(energy converted to chemical energy of organic compounds in a given amount of time)

NPP: Net Primary Production(includes only GPP not used for respiration in the producers)

NPP = GPP – Ra

NEP: Net Ecosystem Production(total accumulation of biomass)

NEP = GPP – RT

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Technique

Snow

Clouds

Vegetation

Soil

Liquid water

Per

cen

t re

flec

tan

ce

Wavelength (nm)

Visible Near-infrared

400 600 800 1,000 1,2000

20

40

60

80

6

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Net primary production(kg carbon/m2 • yr)

3

2

1

0

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Results

Ammoniumenriched

Phosphateenriched

Unenrichedcontrol

Collection siteA B C D E F G

0

6

12

18

24

30P

hyt

op

lan

kto

n d

ensi

ty(m

illi

on

s o

f ce

lls

per

mL

)

8

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1,400

1,200

1,000

800

600

400

200

0 20 20040 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

Mean annual precipitation (cm)

Net

an

nu

al p

rim

ary

pro

du

ctio

n(a

bo

ve g

rou

nd

, d

ry g

/m2 •

yr)

10

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Plant materialeaten by caterpillar

Cellularrespiration

Growth (new biomass;secondary production)

Not assimilated

Feces100 J

200 J

33 J

67 J

Assimilated

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Tertiaryconsumers

Secondaryconsumers

Primaryconsumers

Primaryproducers

10 J

100 J

1,000 J

10,000 J

1,000,000 J of sunlight

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Trophic level

Tertiary consumersSecondary consumers

Primary consumersPrimary producers

(a) Most ecosystems (data from a Florida bog)

(b) Some aquatic ecosystems (data from the English Channel)

Trophic level Dry mass(g/m2)

Dry mass(g/m2)

1.51137

809

421Primary consumers (zooplankton)

Primary producers (phytoplankton)

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Experiment Ecosystem typeArcticSubarcticBorealTemperateGrasslandMountain

A

Results

G

M

TS

U N

H,I

L

B,C

E,F

K

D P

OJ

RQ

P

U

T

RQ

S

OKJ

NM

LI

HGEBA

CD F

8070605040302010

0−15 −10 −5 0 5 10 15

Mean annual temperature (°C)

Per

cen

t o

f m

ass

lo

st

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Movement overland by wind

Precipitationover land

Percolationthroughsoil

Evaporationfrom ocean

Evapotranspirationfrom land

Precipitationover ocean

Runoff andgroundwater

The water cycle

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Consumers

Consumers

Decomposition

Photosynthesis

Cellularrespiration

Photo-synthesis

Phyto-plankton

CO2 inatmosphere

Burning offossil fuelsand wood

The carbon cycle16

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The nitrogen cycle

Fixation

Denitrification

Runoff

N fertilizers

Reactive Ngases

Industrialfixation

N2 inatmosphere

NO3−

NH4

Dissolvedorganic NNO3

−

Aquaticcycling

Decompositionand

sedimentation

Terrestrialcycling

Fixationin root

nodules

Decom-position

N2

NO3−

NH4

Ammoni-fication

Assimilation

Denitri-fication

Uptake ofamino acids

Nitrification

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Wind-blowndust

Geologicuplift

Weatheringof rocks

Decomposition

Plankton Dissolved

Uptake Leaching

Decomposition

Consumption

Runoff

PO43−

Plantuptakeof PO4

3−

Sedimentation

The phosphorus cycle

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Concrete damand weir

(b) Clear-cut watershed

(a)

(c) Nitrate in runoff from watersheds

Deforested

Control

Completion oftree cutting

196819671966196501234

20406080

Nit

rate

co

nc

en

tra

tio

nin

ru

no

ff (

mg

/L)

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(a) In 1991, before restoration In 2000, near the completion ofrestoration

(b)

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Decrease in concentration of soluble uraniumin groundwater

(b)Wastes containing uranium, Oak RidgeNational Laboratory

(a)

6

5

4

3

2

1

00 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

Days after adding ethanol

Co

nce

ntr

ati

on

of

solu

ble

ura

niu

m (M

)

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Detritus chains, Decomposers, Microbial loop Wetzel 489-525, 731-783.

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