© 2014 HDR Architecture, Inc., all rights reserved. © 2014 HDR, Inc., all rights reserved.

© 2014 HDR Architecture, Inc., all rights reserved.© 2014 HDR Architecture, Inc., all rights reserved.© 2014 HDR Architecture, Inc., all rights reserved.© 2014 HDR, Inc., all rights reserved.© 2014 HDR, Inc., all rights reserved.© 2014 HDR, Inc., all rights reserved.© 2014 HDR, Inc., all rights reserved.

© 2014 HDR, Inc., all rights reserved.

Picture or Color BlockPicture or Color Block

Picture or Color Block

IMPLEMENTING RESIDENTIAL ORGANICS DIVERSION


It’s been 10 years since my residential organics program began ……

Canadao 2.64 million tons of food waste composted annually as of 2008o As of 2011, 45% of all households composted kitchen waste, 60% of them through curbside collection.

Over 50% of SFD and 22% of MFD composted kitchen wasteo E.g. In Ontario, 80% of large municipalities have curbside food waste diversion, serving over 9 million

residents, 2.4 million homeso Participation rates 70% +, capture rates 40% + , divert from 140 to 560 lb/HHD/year

U.S.o 36 million tons of food waste generated/year, around 5% (less than 2 million tons) composted (2012)o Split roughly 50/50 between residential and commercialo As of 2014 180 curbside programs, across 16 states, majority in California, Washington, Minnesotao Around 1/3 of programs serve both residential and commercial sectoro As of 2014, 7% of compost sites (347) could compost food scraps, 2% mixed organic streams (87)

STATE OF THE PRACTICE (NORTH AMERICA)


STATE OF THE PRACTICE


‘Typical’ Residential Program ‘Typical’ Commercial Program• Comingled yard waste, food scraps,

compostable paper• Collected weekly in 32, 64 or 96 gallon carts• Includes all food waste and soiled paper• Voluntary, charges additional fee (70% of

programs)• Often in conjunction with PAYT• Collect 25 to 30 lbs/HHD/week, food waste is

around 7 to 9 lbs/HHD/week• Average participation rate 35 to 40%• Average cost $5.40/month, average charge

$7.70/month

• Focus on higher volume food generators• Collects in 64 gallon carts or 2 yard front load

bins• Often collect multiple times a week• Voluntary, charges extra rate for service but at

lower cost than MSW

Around 1.24 million tons/year of food waste in NC, 670,000 residential, 570,000 commercial Less than 30,000 tpy composted (2011) No requirement for commercial or residential diversion 18 Facilities in North Carolina (listed by BioCycle) that can accept some type of food waste:

o AD facilities – 1 operating, 1 currently closed and scheduled for upgrade in 2014o Private/Closed composting facilities – 6o Private/Open composting facilities - 10

Some pilot / small scale residential food scrap programs in effecto Residential food waste drop-off at Convenience Centres in Orange Countyo Subscription services (Raleigh, Charlotte)

Study underway in Wake County

STATE OF THE PRACTICENORTH CAROLINA




Level of interest Feedstock Assessment Customer Interface Collection System Processing Approach Product Markets Program costs and cost recovery Program benefits

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS


LET’S DISCUSS: KEY ISSUES AND SUCCESS FACTORS


Identify and address the local drivers for (or against)…• Disposal capacity (average tip fee around $40/ton)

• Current System Costs

• Diversion targets (hard to meet 50%+ targets without organics diversion)

• GHG emission reduction / Green energy

Engage stakeholders / champions Pilot programs

GENERATING INTEREST



Most successful programs include: Year-round yard All food scraps Soiled/non-recyclable paper

Co-mingled yard/food/paper tends to capture high percent yard, lower percent food/paper

Separate yard / food offers option for different processing and collection scenarios (and smaller organics container)

Good material estimates help with securing processing capacity – consider material audits

DETERMINING ELIGIBLE MATERIAL TYPES

Food scrap programs have longer learning curve than recycling

Successful programs promote EARLY and OFTEN

Define food scraps clearly – use pictoral materials – “All Food” is simple

Provide in format for frequent and convenient reference

Provide reasonable instructions to address odor, vermin etc.

EDUCATION AND OUTREACH


Collect organics weekly, same day as garbage Provide BINS:

o In-home container (durable, dishwasher safe, small)o Curbside green cart (10 gallon for food only, larger for co-mingled

food/yard)o Consider space / building density / building types

Allow compostable BAGS Restrict garbage (Limits on quantity, every other week collection)

CONVENIENCE FOR PARTICIPANTSPicture or Color Block


Collection method (automated, manual, curbside placement etc.)

Consider collection modeling Options to reduce costs:

o weekly co-collection of garbage and organicso co-collection of garbage/organics week 1 and

recyclables/organics week 2o every other week garbage collection

Typical CDN weekly food waste collection cost ranges: o $20 to $25/HHD/annum (co-collection) to o over $35/HHD/annum (separate collection)

COLLECTION

Average U.S. program costs $65 annually/HHD (2010) Reported organic collection costs approx. 1/3 total trash costs Majority of collection is contracted Best practice – either embed fee in trash rate or consider PAYT for garbage Much lower participation/capture rates if directly charge for service

PROGRAM COSTS AND RATESPicture or Color Block


Match technology with attributes of organic streamo Increase in volatile organics: move to in-vessel

composting or anaerobic digestiono Degree of contamination affects pre-

processing and processing options Match products to available markets Consider integration with existing system

o co-processing with yard waste o co-processing with IC&I organics

Allow time for procurement

PROCESSING


ORGANICS PROGRAM DESIGN DRY PROCESSING

Dry Fermentation Anaerobic DigestionPhoto courtesy of Zero Waste Energy Corp.

Covered Composting Photo courtesy of Gore

Open Window Composting


ORGANICS PROGRAM DESIGN WET PROCESSING

High solids: Urbaser, Madrid, Spain Phased solids: Clean World, Sacramento CA

High Rate: Gills Onions, Oxnard CA


Open Windrow (Low-end) less than $40 per ton for outdoor windrow

Enclosed (Mid-range) $60 to $120 per ton for in-vessel aerobic composting

Anaerobic Digestion (Higher-range) $90 to $145 per ton, for Dry or Wet AD

Range varies due to economies of scale and complexity of technology

PROCESSING COSTS

Feedstock quality/contaminant level Potential for odors and odor management Area/site size requirements Utilities: power, water usage and wastewater Potential permitting issues

PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY SELECTION


Proven operations on similar feedstock Ancillary cost: Chemicals, effluent Maintenance, staffing, fuel, water, power

requirements By-product compatibility


No one-size fits all approach Pilots can generate the data needed to

confirm full-scale program design Stage roll-out in large jurisdictions Consider entire collection system –

integrate changes to optimize collection of organics and other materials

Success requires ‘more hands on’ effort than other diversion programs

LESSONS LEARNED


Match technology to organic stream Market may not respond quickly to potential

processing demands Take the time for a good procurement

process – well defined RFP and contracts Many processors lack experience handing

highly volatile SSO, bagged materials Technology transfer is not always easy

LESSONS LEARNED

© 2014 HDR Architecture, Inc., all rights reserved. © 2014 HDR, Inc., all rights reserved.

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