© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. South Asia. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 2 Learning Objectives...

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

South Asia


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Learning Objectives

• Explain the linkages and tensions between ethnicity, religion, and contemporary geopolitics

• Examine the impacts of sustained population growth on South Asia’s economic, social, and natural environments

• Compare and contrast economic and social development across the region


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• Subcontinent• Cyclones• Monsoon• Hindu Nationalism• Kashmir• Sanskrit

• Caste System• Mughal Empire• Dalits• Jainism• Sikhism• Hindi

Key Concepts


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Setting the Boundaries

• Second most populous region in the world

• Distinct landmass separated from the rest of the Eurasian continent: Subcontinent

• India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, and the Maldives

• Regional unity: Shared history and culture


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India- Population growth , Monsoons, Technology service sector (Out sourcing) Subcontinent

Nepal & Bhutan - Himalaya Mts. (convergent ) Isolated, lack of arable land

Bangladesh- High Population density, low elevation on river delta, flooding

Pakistan- Kashmir conflict with India, Fight against terrorism

Maldives - Archipelago, tourism, low islands in fear of global warming

Sri Lanka- Religious conflict


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The Himalayan Mountains

The worlds highest mountains, the majestic snow capped Himalayas, from the northern border of the Indian subcontinent. Mt. Everest, the worlds tallest peak at 29,035feet.


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Convergent boundary

The Indian boundary is called the convergent boundary because the Indian continent and the Eurasian continent converge into each other.

The Himalayas are produced and the boundary is formed.

Even now the Himalayas are growing because the continents are still converging.


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MONSOONS

The monsoons are seasonal winds that bring heavy rain to northern and southwestern part of India.

This rainfall is crucial to life on the subcontinent, but it can cause severe hardships for millions of those who live in the lowlands of India and Bangladesh.


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The River Ganges (ganga)

The 2,510km (1557mi) long river begins at the Gangotri glacier in the central Himalayas which passes though the plains in northern India before draining into the bay of Bengal. The river, held sacred by Hindus is worshipped as the personified form of the goddess Ganga after whom the river is named.

http://www.tropicalisland.de/india/uttar_pradesh/varanasi/pages/VNS%20Varanasi%20or%20Benares%20-%20Hindu%20men%20taking%20a%20bath%20in%20the%20holy%20Ganges%20river%20at%20sunrise%20at%20Darshan%20Ghat%203008x2000.html


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Ritual Bathing in the Ganges River

Hindu pilgrims achieve purification by bathing in the Ganges.


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Contemporary Religion

Figure 12.22

• Hinduism

• Islam

• Sikhism

• Buddhism and Jainism

• Other religious groups


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Hinduism is one of the oldest known religions in the world


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• Hinduism is directed towards selfless living, a fundamental belief being that the soul or atman survives death.

• All Hindus aspire to develop a positive karma which will influence a better rebirth. God assumes many forms in Hinduism of which Brahma the Creator, Vishnu the Preserver and Shiva the Destroyer are most central.


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• Hinduism's caste system assigns everyone to a distinct class.


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Caste System

Hindu temple

• Complex Hindu social order

• Hierarchy

• Dalits (untouchables)

• Structure being undermined by modern economy and social reform

Figure 12.20


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Buddhism Is an offshoot of Hinduism • Buddhism arose from the inspiration and

teachings of Buddha Shakyamuni (624 BC).

• It is a complete way of life concerned with the wholesome development of the individual.

• Buddhism can be best summarized by the words of Buddha himself:

• Learn to do good, Cease to do harm, Control the mind, And benefit others.


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The 4 Noble Truths

• (i) the world is full of suffering (ii) suffering is caused by desire (iii) suffering can be removed (iv) in order to remove suffering one has to overcome desire.


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A monk is someone who devotes his entire life to religious study


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Both Hindus & Buddhist believe in reincarnation, the continues cycle of birth, dearth & rebirth


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South Asia

The Golden Quadrilateral Highway being built in India

Figure 12.2

Figure 12.1


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The purpose of the highway is to connect four of India’s major cites.


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Environmental Issues – Overview

Figure 12.3

• Diverse landscapes

• Complex problems

Kaziranga National Park

Figure 12.1.1


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Environmental Issues (cont’d)

• Natural hazards

• Deforestation

• Wildlife extinction and protection

Bangladesh: Flooding from a cyclone

Figure 12.4

India: logging small trees

Figure 12.5


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Logging & agriculture, as well as industrial & urban expansion are causes of deforestation in South Asia


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Most people in South Asia live in compact rural villages


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Population Explosion in India

India currently faces a vicious cycle of population explosion and poverty. India, being a developing country, has had to face several economic and political challenges. According to Geography.com.sg, “India's population hit 1 billion in May 2000, increasing the urgency for the country to moderate its population growth.”


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Population and Settlement (cont’d)

Demographic indicators


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Population and Settlement (cont’d)

Figure 12.2.1

• Rapid population growth

• Differing approaches to family planning

West Bengal: village health clinic

Figure 12.10

Bangladesh


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Urban Landscapes

Mumbai: Hutments built on formerly busy sidewalks with no sanitary facilities

Figure 12.15

Karachi: known for economic power and ethnic violence

Figure 12.17


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Urban Landscapes (cont’d)

Dhaka: vibrant metropolis with both slums and prosperous areas

Figure 12.16

• Problems due to rapid growth

• Political and ethnic tensions

• Forward capital

• Delhi, Kolkata, Dhaka, Karachi, Islamabad, Mumbai


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Mahatma GANDHI(1869 – 1948)

Mohandas Gandhi is the first freedom fighter for India to gain independence from the Britishers. Gandhi was the major political and spiritual leader of India and the Indian independence movement. His protests did not use violence to achieve his goals. (nonviolent resistance)

He gained independence to India on Aug 14,1947.


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Ethnic Conflict – Kashmir

Figure 12.31

Figure 12.34

Indian soldier in Kashmir


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Dispute over Kashmir

India and Pakistan have spent millions of dollars to develop nuclear weapons in their continuing dispute over Kashmir. This has left less money to spend on improving the lives of their citizens. India's claim is contested by Pakistan which controls a third of Kashmir.


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Ethnic Conflict

Figure 12.33

Figure 12.35

India-Bangladesh border fence

Civil War in Sri Lanka


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Social Development

• Relatively low levels of health and education

– Several pronounced discrepancies

– Sri Lanka, Kerala

• Status of women

• Gender ratiosKerala: South Asia’s most highly educated region

Figure 12.41

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. South Asia. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 2 Learning Objectives...

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Transcript of © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. South Asia. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 2 Learning Objectives...