© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. PowerPoint ® Lectures for College Physics: A Strategic Approach,...

© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

PowerPoint® Lectures forCollege Physics: A Strategic Approach, Second Edition

Chapter 10

Energy and Work

© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 10-2

10 Energy and Work


Reading Quiz 1. If a system is isolated, the total energy of the system

A. increases constantly.B. decreases constantly.C. is constant.D. depends on work into the system.E. depends on work out of the system.

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Answer1. If a system is isolated, the total energy of the system

A. increases constantly.B. decreases constantly.C. is constant.D. depends on work into the system.E. depends on work out of the system.

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Reading Quiz 2. Which of the following is an energy transfer?

A. Kinetic energyB. HeatC. Potential energyD. Chemical energyE. Thermal energy

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Answer2. Which of the following is an energy transfer?

A. Kinetic energyB. HeatC. Potential energyD. Chemical energyE. Thermal energy

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Reading Quiz 3. If you raise an object to a greater height, you are increasing

A. kinetic energy. B. heat. C. potential energy.D. chemical energy.E. thermal energy.

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Answer3. If you raise an object to a greater height, you are increasing

A. kinetic energy. B. heat. C. potential energy.D. chemical energy.E. thermal energy.

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Forms of EnergyMechanical Energy

Ug UsK

Thermal Energy

Eth

Other forms include

Echem Enuclear

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The Basic Energy Model

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Energy Transformations

Kinetic energy K = energy of motion

Potential energy U = energy of position

Thermal energy Eth = energy associated with temperature

System energy E = K + U + Eth + Echem + ...

Energy can be transformed within the system without loss.

Energy is a property of a system.

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Some Energy Transformations

Echem Ug K Eth

Echem Ug Us K Ug

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Checking UnderstandingA skier is moving down a slope at a constant speed. What energy transformation is taking place?

A. K Ug

B. Ug Eth

C. Us Ug

D. Ug K

E. K Eth

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A skier is moving down a slope at a constant speed. What energy transformation is taking place?

A. K Ug

B. Ug Eth

C. Us Ug

D. Ug K

E. K Eth

Answer

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Checking UnderstandingA child is on a playground swing, motionless at the highest point of his arc. As he swings back down to the lowest point of his motion, what energy transformation is taking place?

A. K Ug

B. Ug Eth

C. Us Ug

D. Ug K

E. K Eth

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AnswerA child is on a playground swing, motionless at the highest point of his arc. As he swings back down to the lowest point of his motion, what energy transformation is taking place?

A. K Ug

B. Ug Eth

C. Us Ug

D. Ug K

E. K Eth

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Energy Transfers

These change the energy of the system.

Interactions with the environment.

Work is the mechanical transfer of energy to or from a system via pushes and pulls.

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Energy Transfers: Work

W K W Eth

W Us

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The Work-Energy Equation

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The Law of Conservation of Energy

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The Basic EquationKf Uf Eth Ki Ui

A few things to note:• Work can be positive (work in) or negative (work out)• We are, for now, ignoring heat.• Thermal energy is…special. When energy changes to

thermal energy, this change is irreversible.

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Conceptual Example Problem A car sits at rest at the top of a hill. A small push sends it rolling down a hill. After its height has dropped by 5.0 m, it is moving at a good clip. Write down the equation for conservation of energy, noting the choice of system, the initial and final states, and what energy transformation has taken place.

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Checking Understanding Three balls are thrown off a cliff with the same speed, but in different directions. Which ball has the greatest speed just before it hits the ground?

A. Ball AB. Ball BC. Ball CD. All balls have

the same speed

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Answer Three balls are thrown off a cliff with the same speed, but in different directions. Which ball has the greatest speed just before it hits the ground?

A. Ball AB. Ball BC. Ball CD. All balls have

the same speed

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Work

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Work Done by Force at an Angle to Displacement

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Energy Equations

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Each of the boxes, with masses noted, is pulled for10 m across a level, frictionless floor by the noted force. Which box experiences the largest change in kinetic energy?

Checking Understanding

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AnswerEach of the boxes, with masses noted, is pulled for10 m across a level, frictionless floor by the noted force. Which box experiences the largest change in kinetic energy?

D.

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Each of the boxes, with masses noted, is pulled for10 m across a level, frictionless floor by the noted force. Which box experiences the smallest change in kinetic energy?


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Answer Each of the boxes, with masses noted, is pulled for10 m across a level, frictionless floor by the noted force. Which box experiences the smallest change in kinetic energy?

C.

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Example ProblemA 200 g block on a frictionless surface is pushed against a spring with spring constant 500 N/m, compressing the spring by 2.0 cm. When the block is released, at what speed does it shoot away from the spring?

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A 2.0 g desert locust can achieve a takeoff speed of 3.6 m/s (comparable to the best human jumpers) by using energy stored in an internal “spring” near the knee joint.

A. When the locust jumps, what energy transformation takes place?

B. What is the minimum amount of energy stored in the internal spring?

C. If the locust were to make a vertical leap, how high could it jump? Ignore air resistance and use conservation of energy concepts to solve this problem.

D. If 50% of the initial kinetic energy is transformed to thermal energy because of air resistance, how high will the locust jump?

Example Problem

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Elastic Collisions

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Power

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Power• Same mass...• Both reach 60 mph...

Same final kinetic energy, butdifferent times mean different powers.

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Four toy cars accelerate from rest to their top speed in a certain amount of time. The masses of the cars, the final speeds, and the time to reach this speed are noted in the table. Which car has the greatest power?

Car Mass (g) Speed (m/s) Time (s)

A 100 3 2

B 200 2 2

C 200 2 3

D 300 2 3

E 300 1 4


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AnswerFour toy cars accelerate from rest to their top speed in a certain amount of time. The masses of the cars, the final speeds, and the time to reach this speed are noted in the table. Which car has the greatest power?


A 100 3 2

B 200 2 2

C 200 2 3

D 300 2 3

E 300 1 4

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Four toy cars accelerate from rest to their top speed in a certain amount of time. The masses of the cars, the final speeds, and the time to reach this speed are noted in the table. Which car has the smallest power?


A 100 3 2

B 200 2 2

C 200 2 3

D 300 2 3

E 300 1 4


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AnswerFour toy cars accelerate from rest to their top speed in a certain amount of time. The masses of the cars, the final speeds, and the time to reach this speed are noted in the table. Which car has the smallest power?


A 100 3 2

B 200 2 2

C 200 2 3

D 300 2 3

E 300 1 4

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In a typical tee shot, a golf ball is hit by the 300 g head of a club moving at a speed of 40 m/s. The collision with the ball happens so fast that the collision can be treated as the collision of a 300 g mass with a stationary ball—the shaft of the club and the golfer can be ignored. The 46 g ball takes off with a speed of 70 m/s.

A. What is the change in momentum of the ball?

B. What is the speed of the club head immediately after the collision?

C. What fraction of the club’s kinetic energy is transferred to the ball?

D. What fraction of the club’s kinetic energy is “lost” to thermal energy?

Example Problem

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A typical human head has a mass of 5.0 kg. If the head is moving at some speed and strikes a fixed surface, it will come to rest. A helmet can help protect against injury; the foam in the helmet allows the head to come to rest over a longer distance, reducing the force on the head. The foam in helmets is generally designed to fail at a certain large force below the threshold of damage to the head. If this force is exceeded, the foam begins to compress.

If the foam in a helmet compresses by 1.5 cm under a force of 2500 N (below the threshold for damage to the head), what is the maximum speed the head could have on impact?

Use energy concepts to solve this problem.

Example Problem

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Data for one stage of the 2004 Tour de France show that Lance Armstrong’s average speed was 15 m/s, and that keeping Lance and his bike moving at this zippy pace required a power of 450 W.

A. What was the average forward force keeping Lance and his bike moving forward?

B. To put this in perspective, compute what mass would have this weight.

Example Problem

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Summary

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Summary

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Additional QuestionsEach of the 1.0 kg boxes starts at rest and is then pushed for 2.0 m across a level, frictionless floor by a rope with the noted force. Which box has the highest final speed?

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AnswerEach of the 1.0 kg boxes starts at rest and is then pushed for 2.0 m across a level, frictionless floor by a rope with the noted force. Which box has the highest final speed?

E.

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Additional QuestionsEach of the 1.0 kg boxes starts at rest and is then pushed for 2.0 m across a level, frictionless floor by a rope with the noted force. Which box has the lowest final speed?

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Each of the 1.0 kg boxes starts at rest and is then pushed for 2.0 m across a level, frictionless floor by a rope with the noted force. Which box has the lowest final speed?

Answer

D.

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Trucks with the noted masses moving at the noted speeds crash into barriers that bring them to rest with a constant force. Which truck compresses the barrier by the largest distance?

Additional Questions

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Trucks with the noted masses moving at the noted speeds crash into barriers that bring them to rest with a constant force. Which truck compresses the barrier by the largest distance?

Answer

E.

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Trucks with the noted masses moving at the noted speeds crash into barriers that bring them to rest with a constant force. Which truck compresses the barrier by the smallest distance?


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Trucks with the noted masses moving at the noted speeds crash into barriers that bring them to rest with a constant force. Which truck compresses the barrier by the smallest distance?

Answer

B.

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A 20-cm-long spring is attached to a wall. When pulled horizontally with a force of 100 N, the spring stretches to a length of 22 cm. What is the value of the spring constant?

A. 5000 N/m

B. 500 N/m

C. 454 N/m


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AnswerA 20-cm-long spring is attached to a wall. When pulled horizontally with a force of 100 N, the spring stretches to a length of 22 cm. What is the value of the spring constant?

A. 5000 N/m

B. 500 N/m

C. 454 N/m

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I swing a ball around my head at constant speed in a circle with circumference 3 m. What is the work done on the ball by the 10 N tension force in the string during one revolution of the ball?

A. 30 J

B. 20 J

C. 10 J

D. 0 J


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AnswerI swing a ball around my head at constant speed in a circle with circumference 3 m. What is the work done on the ball by the 10 N tension force in the string during one revolution of the ball?

A. 30 J

B. 20 J

C. 10 J

D. 0 J

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© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. PowerPoint ® Lectures for College Physics: A Strategic Approach,...

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