© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 1 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Without using your sheets, list...

© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning1© 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Without using your sheets, list as many bones as you can remember from Friday.

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Upon completion of this chapter, you should be able to:› Explain the difference between the axial and

appendicular skeleton› Define the functions of the skeletal system› Define the six types of fractures› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,

and cardiac muscle

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Upon completion of this chapter, you should be able to (cont’d.):› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain› Describe the function of a nerve cell› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and

their treatment› Explain how the body responds to injuries

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Average human skeleton: 206 bones Joined to ligaments & tendons Form protective & supportive

framework for attached muscles & soft tissues

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2 main parts to skeleton:› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs,

& sternum (80 bones)› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis

girdles, limbs (126 bones) Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse

together

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Functions:› Aids in body movement› Supports and protects internal body organs› Produces red and white blood cells› Provides a storehouse for minerals

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Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells) Made of:

› 35% organic material› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water

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Formation:› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers

secreted by osteoblasts› During embryonic development, cartilage is

deposited between fibers › During the eighth week of embryonic

development, ossification begins Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed

cartilage, creating bone

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Structure of long bone› Diaphysis: shaft of long

bone› Epiphysis: end of long

bone› Medullary cavity:

center of the diaphysis› Epiphyseal plates

(“growth plates”) Common site of

fractures for adolescents


Structure of long bone (cont’d)› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of

hard bone› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone


Growth› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in

formation of bone› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the

resorption of bony tissue› Average growth:

Females: 18 years Males: 20-21 years


Bone types:› Long (humerus,

femur)

› Flat (skull, ribs,

scapula)

› Irregular (vertebrae)

› Short (carpals &

tarsals)


Fractures– 6 types› Simple or closed› Compound or open› Greenstick› Comminuted› Stress› Epiphyseal plate

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Simple (or closed) fracture› Broken ends do not

pierce skin Compound (or

open) fracture› Complete break

where bone ends break through the skin


Greenstick fracture› Incomplete break in

shaft of bone› Occurs in children

(pliable) Epiphyseal fracture

› Break at the growth plate


Comminuted fracture› Bone is shattered in

many pieces Stress fracture

› Small, incomplete break

› Results from overuse, weakness, or biomechanical problems


List the 6 different types of fractures. List the 4 types of bones.

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Fracture signs and symptoms› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and

discoloration Treatment

› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing bone in the skeletal system

› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper position reduction

› Immobilization through use of a cast external fixation

› Surgery internal fixation

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Principal types of muscles: › Skeletal

Under voluntary control

› Smooth Involuntary

› Cardiac Only found in the

heart Involuntary

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4 common characteristics:

› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the

distance between 2 parts

› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli

› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the

distance between 2 parts

› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after

being compressed or stretched

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More than 650 muscles in the body› Muscles only pull, never push

Muscles attached to bones by tendons› Bones are connected at joints

Muscles are attached at both ends to bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other muscles

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Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves the least

Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves the most

Belly: central body of the muscle Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a

single direction› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction

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Example


Name the 3 different types of muscles in the body.

When you flex your elbow:› Which muscle is the prime mover

(agonist)?› Which muscle is the antagonist?

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When muscles work, they move the body and produce heat

For muscles to contract and work, they need energy› Major source of energy is adenosine

triphosphate (ATP) Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials

› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken down, producing energy

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Muscle movement occurs as a result of: › Myoneural stimulation › Contraction of muscle proteins

Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by nerve impulses to contract › Begins with action potential, which travels along

muscle fiber length› Basic source of energy is glucose

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Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in muscles

During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to transport enough oxygen for complete oxidation of glucose in the muscles › Causes muscles to contract anaerobically

(without oxygen)

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What is the main source of energy for muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)

What causes muscle fatigue?

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Muscles should always be slightly contracted and ready to pull (muscle tone)

Muscle atrophy:› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from

disease or lack of use

Hypertrophy:› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle

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Strain: › Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon› Acute or chronic

Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle weakness

Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory drugs, surgery, rehabilitation

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Sprain: › Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;

ligaments› 3 grades:

Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament Grade II: moderate; partial tearing Grade III: sever; complete tear

• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of ability to move

• Treatment is similar to care for a strain

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Tendonitis:› Inflammation of the tendon

Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,

medications, rehabilitation Bursitis

› Inflammation of a bursa › Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces

Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,

medications, rehabilitation

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Contusion:› Direct blow that does not break the skin

Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness, and ecchymosis (bruising)

Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications, compressive dressing

Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the muscle when contusion not properly managed

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Nerve tissue consists of: › Neuroglia

Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve glue”

› Neurons Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles Associative: carries impulses from sensory to

motor

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Nerves carry impulses by creating electric charges through membrane excitability› A synapse is the space between adjacent

neurons through which an impulse is transmitted

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Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation


Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by pressure, stretching, or cutting › Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the

brain Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a

loss of feeling in the injured area

› Treatment: surgery

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The nervous system sends electrical impulses at up to 250 miles per hour. How long would it take for an impulse from the brain to reach the foot of a person who is 6 feet tall?

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Classified as:› Open

Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture wounds

› Closed Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,

strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related injuries

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Abrasion: several layers of skin are torn loose (scrape)

Laceration: tear in the skin (“cut”)

Avulsion: layers of skin are torn off completely or a flap remains

Puncture wound: sharp object penetrates the skin

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Inflammation: › Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or

physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain, heat, redness, swelling

Regeneration:› Act of wound healing › Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)

Cellular dedifferentiation:› Regeneration › Cells revert to an earlier stage of development

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Transdifferentiation › Regeneration of cells with completely different

functions than original

Tissue remodeling› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and

reassembled to yield a new composition of cell types and extracellular matrix

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Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation


The skeleton› Provides support and protection to internal

organs› Foundation for muscle attachment› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells

Many injuries associated with athletics are fractures › Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and

various surrounding tissues

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© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 1 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Without using your sheets, list...

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