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Chapter 1Chapter 1

Corrections: An Corrections: An Overview Overview

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The Corrections ExplosionThe Corrections Explosion

Causative Factors: Causative Factors: Get-tough-on-crime laws.Get-tough-on-crime laws.

Three-strikes, two-strikes, zero toleranceThree-strikes, two-strikes, zero tolerance The War on Drugs.The War on Drugs. Parole authorities’ fear of civil liability Parole authorities’ fear of civil liability

and public outcry.and public outcry. The growth dynamic of the corrections The growth dynamic of the corrections

boom.boom.

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Correctional ClientsCorrectional Clients

Prison inmatesPrison inmates

ProbationersProbationers

ParoleesParolees

Offenders assigned to alternative Offenders assigned to alternative sentencing programs sentencing programs

Offenders held in jailsOffenders held in jails

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Careers in Corrections Careers in Corrections

Growing correctional populations Growing correctional populations have led to an expanding workforcehave led to an expanding workforce

Uniformed officers in prisons alone Uniformed officers in prisons alone estimated at more than 215,000estimated at more than 215,000

Including juvenile detention, Including juvenile detention, probation, parole, administrators, jail probation, parole, administrators, jail personnel, and others boosts that personnel, and others boosts that number to nearly 750,000 number to nearly 750,000 nationwide.nationwide.

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Types of CrimeTypes of Crime FelonyFelony: A serious criminal offense; : A serious criminal offense;

specifically one punishable by death or by specifically one punishable by death or by incarceration in a prison facility for more incarceration in a prison facility for more than a year.than a year.

MisdemeanorMisdemeanor: A relatively minor : A relatively minor violation of the criminal law, such as petty violation of the criminal law, such as petty theft or simple assault, punishable by theft or simple assault, punishable by confinement for one year or less.confinement for one year or less.

InfractionInfraction: A minor violation of a state : A minor violation of a state statute or local ordinance punishable by a statute or local ordinance punishable by a fine or other penalty other than fine or other penalty other than incarceration, or by a specified, usually incarceration, or by a specified, usually very short term of incarceration.very short term of incarceration.

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Other Types of CrimeOther Types of Crime

Violent CrimeViolent Crime: Interpersonal crime : Interpersonal crime that involves the use of force by that involves the use of force by offenders or results in injury or death to offenders or results in injury or death to victims, e.g. murder, rape, or robbery. victims, e.g. murder, rape, or robbery.

Property CrimeProperty Crime: Burglary, larceny, : Burglary, larceny, automobile theft, and arson, as automobile theft, and arson, as reported by the Federal Bureau of reported by the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Uniform Crime Investigation’s Uniform Crime Reporting Program.Reporting Program.

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Measuring and Reporting CrimeMeasuring and Reporting Crime

FBI’s Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) FBI’s Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program.Program.

Bureau of Justice Statistics’ National Bureau of Justice Statistics’ National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS).Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS).

These can aid in projecting the need These can aid in projecting the need for detention and rehabilitation for detention and rehabilitation services and facilities.services and facilities.

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Uniform Crime Reporting ProgramUniform Crime Reporting Program

The FBI’s annual compilation of Part I The FBI’s annual compilation of Part I (index, or major) and Part II (non-(index, or major) and Part II (non-index) crime data, based on offenses index) crime data, based on offenses reported to police agencies across the reported to police agencies across the United States.United States.

The reports address major violent and The reports address major violent and property crimes as Part I offenses.property crimes as Part I offenses.

Offenses not included are called Part II Offenses not included are called Part II offenses, which do not include traffic offenses, which do not include traffic violations. violations.

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Major CrimesMajor Crimes

MurderMurder Forcible Rape Forcible Rape RobberyRobbery Aggravated AssaultAggravated Assault BurglaryBurglary Larceny-TheftLarceny-Theft Motor Vehicle TheftMotor Vehicle Theft Arson Arson

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Measuring CrimeMeasuring Crime

The FBI compiles an annual The FBI compiles an annual statistical tally of major crimes statistical tally of major crimes known to law enforcement agencies known to law enforcement agencies in the U.S.in the U.S.

The number of major crimes reported The number of major crimes reported per unit of population is referred to per unit of population is referred to as the as the Crime RateCrime Rate..

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Crime Rates, 2006Crime Rates, 2006

U.S.: 3,808 offenses per 100,000 U.S.: 3,808 offenses per 100,000 Lowest since 1984Lowest since 1984

Violent crime 474 per 100,000Violent crime 474 per 100,000 Property crime 3,334 per 100,000Property crime 3,334 per 100,000 Major Crimes Known to the police, Major Crimes Known to the police,

Exhibit 1-5.Exhibit 1-5.

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Murder Statistics, 2006Murder Statistics, 2006

17,034 murders17,034 murders 5.7 per 100,0005.7 per 100,000 78.9% of murder victims were male78.9% of murder victims were male 90.2% of victims were 18 or older90.2% of victims were 18 or older 47.1% of victims were white47.1% of victims were white 50.2% of victims were black50.2% of victims were black Almost 91% of murderers were maleAlmost 91% of murderers were male 54.8% of murderers were black54.8% of murderers were black 42.8% of murderers were white 42.8% of murderers were white

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Solving and Clearing CrimesSolving and Clearing Crimes Most crimes reported to the police are Most crimes reported to the police are

not solved.not solved. Clearance: An offense is considered Clearance: An offense is considered

cleared, or solved, when at least one cleared, or solved, when at least one person is charged with the offense, or a person is charged with the offense, or a suspect has been identified and located, suspect has been identified and located, but circumstances prevent charges being but circumstances prevent charges being brought.brought.

Clearance Rate: The number of offenses Clearance Rate: The number of offenses cleared divided by the number of cleared divided by the number of offenses known by the police.offenses known by the police.

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Other Crime Reporting SystemsOther Crime Reporting Systems

National Incident-Based Reporting System National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS): A revision of the Uniform Crime (NIBRS): A revision of the Uniform Crime Reports that includes many details about Reports that includes many details about each reported crime that are not collected each reported crime that are not collected under the UCR. under the UCR.

National Crime Victimization Survey National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS): Collects detailed information on (NCVS): Collects detailed information on the frequency and nature of victimization the frequency and nature of victimization by rape, sexual assault, personal robbery, by rape, sexual assault, personal robbery, and both simple and aggravated assault.and both simple and aggravated assault.

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The NCVS The NCVS

Surveys 77,200 households.Surveys 77,200 households. Collects criminal victimization information Collects criminal victimization information

from 134,000 household members age 12 from 134,000 household members age 12 years and older.years and older.

Does not measure homicides or Does not measure homicides or commercial crimes (e.g., store commercial crimes (e.g., store burglaries).burglaries).

Summarizes reasons given for reporting Summarizes reasons given for reporting or not reporting victimization to or not reporting victimization to authorities.authorities.

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INSERT EXHIBIT 1-7 THE CRIME INSERT EXHIBIT 1-7 THE CRIME FUNNEL FROM PAGE 13FUNNEL FROM PAGE 13

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Criminal JusticeCriminal Justice

As Process: As Process: the process of achieving the process of achieving justice through the application of criminal justice through the application of criminal law and through the workings of the law and through the workings of the criminal justice system. Also, the study of criminal justice system. Also, the study of the field of criminal justice.the field of criminal justice.

As SystemAs System: the collective agencies that : the collective agencies that perform criminal justice operations, perform criminal justice operations, administration, and technical support administration, and technical support functions. The basic divisions include functions. The basic divisions include police, courts, and corrections.police, courts, and corrections.

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Entering the SystemEntering the System

ArraignmentArraignment: An appearance in : An appearance in court prior to trial in a criminal court prior to trial in a criminal proceeding.proceeding.

Preliminary HearingPreliminary Hearing: A pre-trial : A pre-trial hearing that may follow arraignment hearing that may follow arraignment to determine whether there is to determine whether there is probable cause to believe that the probable cause to believe that the accused committed a crime within accused committed a crime within the jurisdiction of the court. the jurisdiction of the court.

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Judicial Procedures Judicial Procedures

Nolle ProsequiNolle Prosequi: A prosecutor’s action to : A prosecutor’s action to drop criminal charges after the charges drop criminal charges after the charges have been filed. When the action is taken, have been filed. When the action is taken, a case is said to be “nolled” or “nollied.”a case is said to be “nolled” or “nollied.”

Nolo ContendreNolo Contendre:: To accept a penalty To accept a penalty without admitting guilt. The judge may without admitting guilt. The judge may accept or reject the plea.accept or reject the plea.

AdjudicationAdjudication: The process by which a : The process by which a court arrives at a final decision in a case.court arrives at a final decision in a case.

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Sentencing OptionsSentencing Options

May include:May include: DeathDeath IncarcerationIncarceration ProbationProbation FinesFines RestitutionRestitution Community ServiceCommunity Service

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The Correctional SubsystemThe Correctional Subsystem Institutional CorrectionsInstitutional Corrections: A report by : A report by

the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) says it the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) says it is that aspect of the correctional is that aspect of the correctional enterprise that “involves the confinement enterprise that “involves the confinement and rehabilitation of adults and juveniles and rehabilitation of adults and juveniles convicted of offenses against the law, and convicted of offenses against the law, and the confinement of persons suspected of a the confinement of persons suspected of a crime awaiting trial and adjudication.”crime awaiting trial and adjudication.”

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The Correctional Subsystem -The Correctional Subsystem - ContinuedContinued

Noninstitutional Corrections (also Noninstitutional Corrections (also called community corrections)called community corrections): BJS : BJS calls this that aspect of the correctional calls this that aspect of the correctional enterprise that includes “pardon, enterprise that includes “pardon, probation, and parole activities, probation, and parole activities, correctional administration not directly correctional administration not directly connectable to institutions, and connectable to institutions, and miscellaneous [activities] not directly miscellaneous [activities] not directly related to institutional care.”related to institutional care.”

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Corrections Corrections

All the various aspects of the pretrial All the various aspects of the pretrial and postconviction management of and postconviction management of individuals accused or convicted of individuals accused or convicted of crimes.crimes.

This definition is convenient for This definition is convenient for discussion purposes but also discussion purposes but also encompasses the fourteen elements encompasses the fourteen elements listed in the text. listed in the text.

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Corrections DefinedCorrections Defined

MoresMores: Cultural restrictions on : Cultural restrictions on behavior that forbid serious violations behavior that forbid serious violations of a group’s values.of a group’s values.

FolkwaysFolkways: Time-honored ways of doing : Time-honored ways of doing things. Although they carry the force of things. Although they carry the force of tradition, their violation is unlikely to tradition, their violation is unlikely to threaten the social group’s survival.threaten the social group’s survival.

Criminal Law: Criminal Law: body of rules that body of rules that define public offenses.define public offenses.

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ProfessionalismProfessionalism

ProfessionProfession: An occupation granted high : An occupation granted high social status by virtue of the personal integrity social status by virtue of the personal integrity of its members.of its members.

CorrectionsCorrections ProfessionalProfessional: A dedicated : A dedicated person of high moral character and personal person of high moral character and personal integrity who is employed in the field of integrity who is employed in the field of corrections and takes professionalism to heart.corrections and takes professionalism to heart.

CertificationCertification: A credentialing process, usually : A credentialing process, usually involving testing and career development involving testing and career development assessment, through which the skills, assessment, through which the skills, knowledge, and abilities of correctional knowledge, and abilities of correctional personnel can be formally recognized.personnel can be formally recognized.

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Core TraitsCore Traits Expanded on in the text, these four Expanded on in the text, these four

traits have been identified as traits have been identified as essential to effective work in essential to effective work in correctionscorrections AccountabilityAccountability Strong Writing SkillsStrong Writing Skills Effective Presentational SkillsEffective Presentational Skills A Logical Mind and the Ability to Solve A Logical Mind and the Ability to Solve

ProblemsProblems

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Standard-Setting OrganizationsStandard-Setting Organizations

American Correctional Association American Correctional Association (ACA)(ACA)

American Probation and Parole American Probation and Parole Association (APPA)Association (APPA)

American Jail Association (AJA)American Jail Association (AJA)

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CredentialingCredentialing

The ACA’s program for certifying The ACA’s program for certifying officers is part of a process called officers is part of a process called credentialingcredentialing. .

Discussed in detail in Chapter 13, Discussed in detail in Chapter 13, ACA’s ACA’s accreditationaccreditation program certifies program certifies a facility’s or program’s quality a facility’s or program’s quality through meeting industry-set through meeting industry-set standards.standards.

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Social Diversity in CorrectionsSocial Diversity in Corrections

RaceRace RacismRacism

EthnicityEthnicity GenderGender How these aspects of social diversity How these aspects of social diversity

impact the field, its personnel, impact the field, its personnel, clients, and issues.clients, and issues.

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