© 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning Battery Fundamentals Chapter 26.
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Chapter 15 The Lymphatic System and Immunity.
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Transcript of © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Chapter 15 The Lymphatic System and Immunity.
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Chapter 15
The Lymphatic Systemand Immunity
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Lymphatic System
• Supplements the circulatory system
• Composed of lymph, lymph nodes, lymph vessels, the spleen, the thymus gland, lymphoid tissue in the intestinal tract, and the tonsils
• There is no muscular pump or heart
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Functions
• Acts as intermediary between blood and tissue
• Transports excess tissue fluid
• Produce lymphocytes and filters out harmful bacteria
• Function of spleen
• Function of thymus gland
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Lymph
• Straw colored
• Called intercellular, interstitial fluid or tissue fluid
• Composition of lymph
• Moves with assistance of skeletal tissue contraction, breathing movements, and valves
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Lymph Vessels
• Closely parallel the veins
• Right lymphatic duct
• Left lymphatic duct (thoracic duct)
• Flows in only one direction
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Lymph Nodes
• Small structures located alone or grouped in
various places along the lymph vessels throughout the body
• Trabeculae
• Afferent lymphatic vessels
• When germinal centers are stimulated, the immune response is activated
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Tonsils
• Masses of lymphatic tissue
• Produce lymphocytes
• Filter out bacteria
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Tonsils
• Three pairs of tonsils– Palatine
– Adenoids
– Lingual
• Tonsillitis
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Spleen
• Saclike mass of lymphatic tissue
• Located upper left of the abdomen beneath the diaphragm
• Forms lymphocytes and monocytes
• Filters out bacteria
• Stores red blood cells
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Thymus Gland
• Located in the upper anterior part of the thorax, above the heart
• Produces T-lymphocytes
• It is also an endocrine gland which secretes a hormone called thymosin
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Animation – Lymph
Click Here to play Lymphatic System animation
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Effects of Aging
• Decline in immune function
• Increased risk of infection
• Decreased ability to fight disease
• Slowed wound healing
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Disorders of the Lymph System
• Lymphadenitis
• Hodgkin’s disease
• Infectious mononucleosis
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Immunity
• When pathogens and foreign materials penetrate the skin the person’s immunity comes into play
• Immunity is the body’s ability to resist these invaders
• Individuals differ in their ability to resist infection
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Immunity
• Resistance varies at different times
• Natural immunity– Immunity we are born with
• Acquired immunity– Reaction that occurs as a result of exposure to invaders
• Passive acquired immunity– Acquired artificially by injecting antibodies
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Immunity
• Active acquired immunity– Natural acquired immunity results from having had and
recovered from the disease
– Artificial acquired immunity comes from being inoculated with a suitable vaccine, antigen, or toxoid (e.g. immunizations)
• Immunoglobulin
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Immunizations: Ages 0 to 6
• Hepatitis B
• Rotavirus
• Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis
• Haemophilus
• Pneumococcal
• Inactivated poliovirus
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Immunizations: Ages 0 to 6
• Influenza
• Measles, mumps, rubella
• Varicella
• Hepatitis A
• Meningococcal
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Immunizations: Ages 7 to 18
• Tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis
• Human papillomavirus
• Meningococcal
• Pneumococcal
• Influenza
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Immunizations: Ages 7 to 18
• Hepatitis A
• Hepatitis B
• Inactivated poliovirus
• Measles, mumps, rubella
• Varicella
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Immunizations – Adult
• Tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis (Td/Tdap)
• Human papillomavirus
• Measles, mumps, rubella
• Varicella
• Influenza
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Immunizations – Adult
• Pneumococcal
• Hepatitis A
• Hepatitis B
• Meningococcal
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Autoimmunity
• Autoimmune disorder– When the body mistakenly targets the normal cells, tissues,
and organs of a person’s own body
• Multiple causes can trigger the disorder
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Autoimmune Disorders
• Multiple sclerosis
• Myasthenia gravis
• Pernicious anemia
• Psoriasis
• Crohn’s disease
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Autoimmune Disorders
• Ulcerative colitis
• Type I diabetes mellitus
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Lupus
• Scleroderma
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Hypersensitivity
• When the body’s immune system fails to protect itself against foreign material
• Allergens
• Anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock
• Medic-alert tags
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
AIDS/HIV
• A – Acquired– The disease is not inherited
• I – Immune– Refers to body’s natural defenses against cancers, disease, and
infections
• D – Deficiency– Lacks cellular immunity
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
AIDS/HIV
• S – Syndrome– Involves the set of diseases or conditions that are present to
signal the diagnosis
• Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes AIDS
• HIV destroys the body’s T4-lymphocyte cells
• Opportunistic infections
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
AIDS/HIV
• Three outcomes from infection with HIV– AIDS
– AIDS-related complex (ARC)
– Asymptomatic infection
• HIV/AIDS Statistics
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Transmission of AIDS
• Sexual contact
• Sharing hypodermic needles
• In utero or at birth
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Screening Tests for HIV/AIDS
• ELISA
• Western blot
• Rapid test
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Symptoms of HIV/AIDS
• Flu-like symptoms
• More persistent symptoms
• Opportunistic conditions
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Treatment of HIV/AIDS
• No cure for AIDS
• Prevention and treatment have prolonged andimproved the lives of many
– AZT
– Protease inhibitors
– AIDS cocktail
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Preventing Transmissionof HIV/AIDS
• Limit sexual contacts
• Have protected sex
• Do not share needles
• Clean up soiled materials
• Cover wounds
• Standard precautions used by all health care
workers