© 2007 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. Personality and Values Chapter FOUR.

© 2007 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.

Personality

and

Values

Chapter FOUR


What Is Personality?What Is Personality?

Personality

The sum total of ways in which an individual reacts and interacts with others, measurable traits a person exhibits

Personality Traits

Enduring characteristics that describe an individual’s behavior

Personality

Determinants

• Heredity

• Environment

• Situation

Personality

Determinants

• Heredity

• Environment

• Situation


The Myers-Briggs Type IndicatorThe Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

Personality Types

• Extroverted vs. Introverted (E or I)

• Sensing vs. Intuitive (S or N)

• Thinking vs. Feeling (T or F)

• Judging vs. Perceiving (P or J)

Score is a combination of all four (e.g., ENTJ)

Personality Types

• Extroverted vs. Introverted (E or I)

• Sensing vs. Intuitive (S or N)

• Thinking vs. Feeling (T or F)

• Judging vs. Perceiving (P or J)

Score is a combination of all four (e.g., ENTJ)

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

A personality test that taps four characteristics and classifies people into 1 of 16 personality types


Meyers-Briggs (cont’d)Meyers-Briggs (cont’d)

A Meyers-Briggs Score– Can be a valuable too for self-awareness and career

guidance

BUT– Should not be used as a selection tool because it has

not been related to job performance!


The Big Five Model of Personality DimensionsThe Big Five Model of Personality Dimensions

ExtroversionSociable, gregarious, and assertive

AgreeablenessGood-natured, cooperative, and trusting

ConscientiousnessResponsible, dependable, persistent, and organized

Openness to ExperienceCurious, imaginative, artistic, and sensitive

Emotional StabilityCalm, self-confident, secure under stress (positive), versus nervous, depressed, and insecure under stress (negative)


Measuring PersonalityMeasuring Personality

Personality Is Measured by:

Self-Report Surveys Observer-Rating Surveys Projective Measures

– Rorschach Inkblot Test

– Thematic Apperception Test


Major Personality Attributes Influencing OBMajor Personality Attributes Influencing OB

Core Self-Evaluation

– Self-Esteem

– Locus of Control

Machiavellianism

Narcissism

Self-Monitoring

Risk Taking

Type A vs. Type B Personality

Proactive Personality


Core Self-Evaluation: Two Main ComponentsCore Self-Evaluation: Two Main Components

Self-Esteem

Individuals’ degree of liking or disliking themselves

Locus of Control

The degree to which people believe they are masters of their own fate

•Internals (Internal locus of control) Individuals who believe that they control what happens to them

•Externals (External locus of control)Individuals who believe that what happens to them is controlled by outside forces such as luck or chance


MachiavellianismMachiavellianism

Conditions Favoring High Machs

• Direct interaction with others

• Minimal rules and regulations

• Emotions distract for others

Conditions Favoring High Machs

• Direct interaction with others

• Minimal rules and regulations

• Emotions distract for others

Machiavellianism (Mach)

Degree to which an individual is pragmatic, maintains emotional distance, and believes that ends can justify means


NarcissismNarcissism

A Narcissistic Person

• Has grandiose sense of self-importance

• Requires excessive admiration

• Has a sense of entitlement

• Is arrogant

• Tends to be rated as less effective


Self-Monitoring Self-Monitoring

Self-Monitoring

A personality trait that measures an individual’s ability to adjust his or her behavior to external, situational factors

High Self-Monitors

• Receive better performance ratings

• Likely to emerge as leaders

• Show less commitment to their organizations

High Self-Monitors

• Receive better performance ratings

• Likely to emerge as leaders

• Show less commitment to their organizations


Risk-TakingRisk-Taking

High Risk-Taking Managers– Make quicker decisions

– Use less information to make decisions

– Operate in smaller and more entrepreneurial organizations

Low Risk-Taking Managers– Are slower to make decisions

– Require more information before making decisions

– Exist in larger organizations with stable environments Risk Propensity

– Aligning managers’ risk-taking propensity to job requirements should be beneficial to organizations


Personality TypesPersonality Types

Type As1. Are always moving, walking, and eating rapidly2. Feel impatient with the rate at which most events take place3. Strive to think or do two or more things at once4. Cannot cope with leisure time5. Are obsessed with numbers, measuring their success in terms

of how many or how much of everything they acquire

Type Bs1. Never suffer from a sense of time urgency with its

accompanying impatience2. Feel no need to display or discuss either their achievements or

accomplishments3. Play for fun and relaxation, rather than to exhibit their

superiority at any cost4. Can relax without guilt


Personality TypesPersonality Types

Proactive Personality

Identifies opportunities, shows initiative, takes action, and perseveres until meaningful change occurs

Creates positive change in the environment, regardless or even in spite of constraints or obstacles


Which of the following is not a typical

personality trait considered to be

organizationally relevant?

Locus of control

Self-monitoring

Self-enhancing

Self esteem

Machiavellianism

Chapter Check-up: PersonalityChapter Check-up: Personality

Discuss with your neighbor how each of the three traits above would

influence a college instructor’s behavior, and where you think your

teacher falls with respect to each of them.



Alison arrives to class and realizes that she’s

forgotten her homework to turn in. She says “Oh

man, it’s just not my lucky day today.” Alison has

______________.

Alison has a high external locus of control. Alison believes

that things outside of her control determine what happens.

If Alison works on a team with you, and you have a

very high internal locus of control, what kinds of

discussions do you think the two of you might have?

Discuss with a friend.


Julia is known for being a go-getter. She never

leaves a task incomplete, and is involved in a

number of activities. Moreover, she’s at the top of

her class. She’s so busy that sometimes, she

forgets to stop and eat lunch. Julia can be easily

characterized as someone that has/is a Type ____

Personality.


A


Julia is also likely to not be very:

• Happy?

• Fun?

• Creative?

• Stressed?


In general, Type As are rarely creative because they generally don’t allocate the necessary time for new solution development; they usually rely on past experiences to solve problems in order to be speedy.


Definition: Mode of conduct or end state is personally or socially preferable (i.e., what is right and good)– Terminal Values

• Desirable end states

– Instrumental Values• The ways/means for achieving one’s terminal values

Value System: A hierarchy based on a ranking of an individual’s values in terms of their intensity

Note: Values vary by cohort

ValuesValues


Importance of ValuesImportance of Values

Provide understanding of the attitudes, motivation, and behaviors of individuals and cultures

Influence our perception of the world around us

Represent interpretations of “right” and “wrong”

Imply that some behaviors or outcomes are preferred over others


Types of Values—Rokeach Value SurveyTypes of Values—Rokeach Value Survey

Terminal Values

Desirable end-states of existence; the goals that a person would like to achieve during his or her lifetime

Instrumental Values

Preferable modes of behavior or means of achieving one’s terminal values


Values in the

RokeachSurvey

Values in the

RokeachSurvey

E X H I B I T 4-3E X H I B I T 4-3

Source: M. Rokeach, The Nature of Human Values (New York: The Free Press, 1973).


Values in the

Rokeach Survey(cont’d)

Values in the

Rokeach Survey(cont’d)

E X H I B I T 4-3 (cont’d)E X H I B I T 4-3 (cont’d)

Source: M. Rokeach, The Nature of Human Values (New York: The Free Press, 1973).


Mean Value Rankings of Executives, Union

Members, and Activists

Mean Value Rankings of Executives, Union

Members, and Activists

E X H I B I T 4-4E X H I B I T 4-4

Source: Based on W. C. Frederick and J. Weber, “The Values of Corporate Managers and Their Critics: An Empirical Description and Normative Implications,” in W. C. Frederick and L. E. Preston (eds.) Business Ethics: Research Issues and Empirical Studies (Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1990), pp. 123–44.


Values, Loyalty, and Ethical BehaviorValues, Loyalty, and Ethical Behavior

Ethical Climate inthe Organization

Ethical Climate inthe Organization

Ethical Values and Behaviors of Leaders


Power Distance Individualism vs. Collectivism Masculinity vs. Femininity Uncertainty Avoidance Long-term and Short-term Orientation

Values Across Cultures: Hofstede’s Framework Values Across Cultures: Hofstede’s Framework


Hofstede’s Framework for Assessing CulturesHofstede’s Framework for Assessing Cultures

Power Distance

The extent to which a society accepts that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally.

Low distance: Relatively equal power between those with status/wealth and those without status/wealth

High distance: Extremely unequal power distribution between those with status/wealth and those without status/wealth


Hofstede’s Framework (cont’d)Hofstede’s Framework (cont’d)

Collectivism

A tight social framework in which people expect others in groups of which they are a part to look after them and protect them

Individualism

The degree to which people prefer to act as individuals rather than a member of groups

vs.



Masculinity

The extent to which the society values work roles of achievement, power, and control, and where assertiveness and mater-ialism are also valued

Femininity

The extent to which there is little differ-entiation between roles for men and women

vs.



Uncertainty Avoidance

The extent to which a society feels threatened by uncertain and ambiguous situations and tries to avoid them

•High Uncertainty Avoidance: Society does not like ambiguous situations and tries to avoid them.

•Low Uncertainty Avoidance: Society does not mind ambiguous situations and embraces them.



Long-term Orientation

A national culture attribute that emphasizes the future, thrift, and persistence

Short-term Orientation

A national culture attribute that emphasizes the present and the here and now

vs.


Achieving Person-Job FitAchieving Person-Job Fit

Personality Types

• Realistic

• Investigative

• Social

• Conventional

• Enterprising

• Artistic

Personality Types

• Realistic

• Investigative

• Social

• Conventional

• Enterprising

• Artistic

Personality-Job Fit Theory (Holland)

Identifies six personality types and proposes that the fit between personality type and occupational environment determines satisfaction and turnover


Holland’s Typology of Personality

andCongruent

Occupations

Holland’s Typology of Personality

andCongruent

Occupations

E X H I B I T 4–8E X H I B I T 4–8


Relationships Among

Occupational Personality

Types

Relationships Among

Occupational Personality

Types

E X H I B I T 4–9E X H I B I T 4–9

Source: Reprinted by special permission of the publisher, Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc., from Making Vocational Choices, copyright 1973, 1985, 1992 by Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc. All rights reserved.


Organizational Culture Profile (OCP)Organizational Culture Profile (OCP)

Useful for determining person-organization fit

Survey that forces choices/rankings of one’s personal values

Helpful for identifying most important values to look for in an organization (in efforts to create a good fit)


In Country J most of the top management team meets

employees at the local bar for a beer on Fridays, and there

are no reserved parking spaces. Everyone is on a first

name basis with one another. Country J, according to

Hofstede’s Framework, is probably low on what dimension?

Chapter Check-up: Values

• Collectivism

• Lon-term Orientation

• Uncertainty Avoidance

• Power Distance

How would a college or university in Country J differ from

your college or university? Identify 3 differences and

discuss with a neighbor.

© 2007 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. Personality and Values Chapter FOUR.

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Transcript of © 2007 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. Personality and Values Chapter FOUR.