© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 1 Joseph R. Dominick University...
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© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 1 Joseph R. Dominick University of Georgia-- Athens
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Transcript of © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 1 Joseph R. Dominick University...
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 1
Joseph R. Dominick
University of Georgia--Athens
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 2
Part II
Media
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 3
Chapter 8
Sound RecordingHistory Sound Recording in the Digital AgeDefining Features of Sound Recording Organization of the Recording IndustryOwnership in the Recording IndustryProducing RecordsMaking a CD or Tape EconomicsFeedbackThe Recording Industry
Cha
pter
Out
line
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 4
Edison invents phonograph (1877)Tinfoil-wrapped cylinderPeddled as aid to dictation
Bell and Tainter’s graphophoneWax cylinder
Berliner’s gramophone (1887)Spiral track recordings on a flat disk
Lippincott and stenographersNickelodeons
History
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 5
Rivalry North American Phonograph Company
Edison CylindersUnited States Phonograph Company
Berliner Disks perfectedColumbia Phonograph Company
zonophone, their version of disk playerVictor Talking Machine Company
Berliner and Johnson“His Master’s Voice”Victrola (1906)
History
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 6
Record players ubiquitous (1916)107 million records produced (1919)Radio’s Impact on Recording Industry
Radio cuts record player sales in half (1923)Electronic recording radioRadio/phonograph combos (1926)RCA/Victor merge (1929)
History
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 7
The Great DepressionEdison’s company out of business (1930)Record sales $46M (1930) $6M (1933)Jukeboxes appear after repeal of
Prohibition (1933)World War II and After
Shellac restricted during WWIIAmerican Federation of Musicians strikesCapitol Records – free recordings to radio
stations
History
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 8
Battle of the Speeds Long-playing record (LP)
33-rpm Columbia Records (1948)
Extended play record45 rpm RCA
1947-1949 sales drop due to battleHiFi sets appear 1954Radio’s Top 40 helps sales of 45s
History
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 9
The Coming of Rock and Roll Bill Haley and the Comets (1955)Elvis Presley (1956)Jerry Lee Lewis
“Whole Lotta Shakin’ Going On”6M copies 1957-1958
Little RichardChuck Berry
History
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 10
Rock Goes Commercial Loss of pioneers from music sceneClean-cut image
Bobby VintonFrankie Avalon
The British InvasionThe Beatles (1964) – Seven #1 recordsThe Rolling Stones
History
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 11
Transitions and Trends 60s-90s
1960s: Freedom, experimentation,
innovation
The Who Blood, Sweat, and Tears
1970s: Heavy Metal
1980s: Thriller
1990s: CDs replace tape
History
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 12
Digitally encoded music – easily copied and sharedNapsterKaZaAGrokster
MusicNet and PressPlayApple’s iTunesCopy-protection software
Sound Recording in the Digital Age
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 13
Couldpiratingshutdownthe
recordingindustry
?
Sound Recording in the Digital Age
??
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 14
Cultural ForceShapes musical development
International business 5 dominant companies in 5 countries
Blend of business and talentSingers and musiciansRecording companies
Defining Features of Sound Recording
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 15
Four major segments TalentProductionDistributionChain Retail
Organization of the Recording Industry
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 16
Organization of the Recording Industry
[Insert Figure 8-2 here]
Figure 8-2 Record Distribution Channels
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 17
Ownership in the Recording Industry
[Insert Table 8-1 here]
Table 8-1 Top Five Recording Companies, 2004
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 18
Seven departments1) Artists and repertoire
2) Sales and distribution
3) Advertising and merchandising
4) Business
5) Promotion
6) Publicity
7) Artist development
Producing Records
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 19
Making a CD or Tape
1. Record 4-track demo tape
2. Sell demo with agent
3. Record multitrack master tape
4. Equalize tracks
8. Reproduce on tape and disk
5. Add special effects
7. Mix down to stereo master
6. Re-record as required
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 20
Economics
[Insert Figure 8-3 here]
Figure 8-3 Recording Industry Revenues, 1980-2002
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 21
Economic Trends2000: File-sharing programs flourish2001: Hybrid Theory has equal sales and
pirated downloads2002: Consumers buy more blank CDs than
recorded CDsWeak economyConsumer sense of CD overpricing
Economics
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 22
Courtney Love’s exampleFour-performer band20% royalty + $1 million advanceRecording: $ million$150,000 to staff; $170,000 in taxes$45,000 each for one year1 million copies $2 million royalties$1.1 million promotion and tour supportLeft for band:
Economics
$0.00
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 23
Billboard ChartsSales
Nielsen SoundScanWeekly sales data from 14,000 retail locations
Exposure Nielsen Broadcast Data SystemsAirplay on 1200 radio stations
Index number is a composite
Feedback
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 24
Sound Recording AudiencesLittle audience dataBy Year 2000
85 million stereos; 85 million tape players40 million CD players$500-$800 per sound system
In 200330+ spent 55 cents per dollar spent on prerecorded
music19- declined 11% from 1988
Feedback
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 25
20,000 people in industryEntry-Level
EngineeringRecording Institute of America
CreativeMass media, business admin, musicVolunteer at local studio
BusinessBusiness admin and mass mediaStart at branch office
The Recording Industry
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 26
Upward MobilityAudio engineer
Staff engineer Senior supervising
engineerProducer
Staff producer Executive producer
Business Management
The Recording Industry
