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Transcript of © 2004 by Jones and Bartlett Publishers Define genetics, genome, chromosome, gene, genetic code,...
![Page 1: © 2004 by Jones and Bartlett Publishers Define genetics, genome, chromosome, gene, genetic code, genotype, phenotype, and genomics. Describe the process.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649dd15503460f94ac6f9e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
© 2004 by Jones and Bartlett Publishers
Define genetics, genome, chromosome, gene, genetic code, genotype, phenotype, and genomics.
Describe the process of DNA replication.Describe protein synthesis, including transcription, RNA
processing, and translation.Classify mutations by type, and describe how mutations are
prevented and repaired.Define mutagen.Describe two ways mutations can be repaired.Outline methods of direct and indirect selection of mutants.Identify the purpose and outline the procedure for the Ames
test.Compare the mechanisms of genetic recombination in
bacteria.Differentiate between horizontal and vertical gene transfer.Describe the functions of plasmids and transposons.
Objectives
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
TerminologyC
om
ple
men
tary
bu
t an
tipara
llel
DNA
Genetics
Genome
Gene
Chromosome
Base pairs
Genetic code
Genomics
Genotype
Phenotype
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The Bacterial DNA
Mostly single circular chromosome
Attached to plasma membrane
DNA is supercoiled
Number of genes in E. coli
Extra-chromosomal bacterial DNA: _________(1-5% of chromosome size)
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E. coli
Figure 8.1a
Fig 8.1
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Figure 8.1b
Chromosome Map of Chromosome Map of E. coliE. coli
Chromosome length: 1mmCell length ?
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Flow of Genetic Information
Fig 8.2 – Foundation Figure
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DNA Replication DNA polymerase
initiated by RNA primer
bidirectional
origin of replication
leading strand: continuous DNA synthesis
lagging strand: discontinuous DNA synthesis Okazaki fragments
semiconservative
2
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Replication forkReplication in 5' Replication in 5' 3' direction 3' direction
Fig 5.8
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Fig 8.6
Replication 1; 2; 3 of circular bacterial
Chromosome
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Protein SynthesisGenetic code: universal and
degenerate (or redundant)
Transcription produces 3 types of RNA (?) Enzyme necessary ? Promoters and terminators
Translation produces the protein Sense codons vs. nonsense codons anticodons
Fig 8.9
Fig 8.7
Fig 8.8
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Compare to Fig 8.8
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Transcription RNA polymerase binds to promotor sequence proceeds
in 5' 3' direction
stops whenit reaches terminator sequence
Fig 8.7
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More Details on Translation
Nucleotide sequence of mRNA is translated into amino acid sequence of protein using “three letter words” = codons
Translation of mRNA begins at the start codon: AUG
Translation ends at a stop codon: UAA, UAG, UGA
Requires various accessory molecules and 3 major components: ?
In Prokaryotes: Simultaneous transcription and translation Polyribosomes
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The Translation Process in Protein Synthesis
Compare to Fig 8.9
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Continuous Transcription and TranslationSimultaneous Transcription and Translation in Prokaryotes
Compare to Fig 8.10
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MutationsChange in genetic material.1. Point mutations = base pair substitution (silent,
missense, nonsense)2. Frameshift mutations = Insertion or deletion of one
or more nucleotide pairs
Review Fig 8.17
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Various Point Mutations
Silent
Missense
Nonsense
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Fig 8.17
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Mutations cont.
May be neutral (silent), beneficial, or harmful.
Spontaneous mutation rate 10-6 1 mutation per million replicated genes
Mutagens increase mutation rate 10 – 1000x
Chemical mutagens Nucleoside (base) analogs have altered base-
pairing properties. They can be randomly incorporated into growing cells (cancer drugs) only used by viral enzymes (e.g. AZT)
Frameshift mutagens such as intercalating agents (e.g.:, aflatoxin, ethidium bromide)
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Fig 8.19a
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Distortion due to intercalating agent will lead to one or more base-pairs inserted or deleted during replication.
Potent carcinogens!
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Radiation as a Mutagen
1. Ionizing radiation (x-rays and -rays) lead to deletion mutations (ds breaks)
2. UV rays lead to thymine dimers (intrastrand bonding)
Photolyases = light repair enzymes (use energy from visible light to fix UV light damage)
Nucleotide excision repair for repair of all mutations
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Fig 8.20
Repair
ANIMATION Mutations: Repair
Photolyases separate thymine dimers
Nucleotide excision repair
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Mutagen Identification: Ames Test Wild type vs. mutant Auxotroph vs. prototroph
Many mutagens are carcinogens
Combine animal liver cell extracts with Salmonella auxotroph
Expose mixture to test substance
Examine for signs of mutation in Salmonella, i.e. Look for cells (colonies) that have reverted from his– to his+
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Fig. 8.22
Ames Reverse Gene Mutation TestAmes Reverse Gene Mutation Test
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Positive or negative Ames test?
Explain what happened
Professor Richard A. Muller of UC Berkeley on the Ames Test and Natural Foods
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Genetic Transfer and Recombination
Vertical gene transfer: Occurs during reproduction between generations of cells.
Horizontal (lateral) gene transfer: Transfer of genes between cells of the same generation. Leads to genetic recombination
Three mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer: Transformation Conjugation Transduction
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Vertical gene transfer: Occurs during reproduction between generations of cells.
Horizontal gene transfer: The transfer of genes between cells of the same generation. Leads to genetic recombination.
Three mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer:
1. Transformation2. Conjugation3. Transduction
ANIMATION Horizontal Gene Transfer: Overview
Genetic Recombination
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 8.23
Genetic Recombination
Exchange of genes between two DNA molecules
Crossing over occurs when two chromosomes break and rejoin
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1) Transformation
“Naked” DNA transfer
Recipient cells have to be “competent”
Occurs naturally among very few genera (G+ and G–)
Simple laboratory treatment will make E. coli competent workhorse for genetic engineering
Griffith’s historical experiment in 1928
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ANIMATION Transformation
Griffith’s Experiment to Demonstrate Genetic Transformation
Fig 8.24
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Fig 8.25
Transformation and Recombination
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2) ConjugationPlasmid and chromosomal DNA transfer via direct cell to cell contact
High efficiency
F+ = donor cell. Contains F plasmid (factor) and produces conjugation (F) pilus (aka “sex pilus”)
Recipient cell (F– ) becomes F+
In some cells F factor integrates into chromosome Hfr cell
R plasmids (R factors) are also transferred via conjugation
Fig 8.26
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Fig 8.27A
NIM
AT
ION
s
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3) TransductionDNA Transfer from donor to recipient cell with help of bacteriophage (= transducing phage)
2 types of phage-bacteria interaction:
1. Generalized transduction happens via lytic cycle caused by virulent phages
2. Specialized transduction will be covered in Ch 13
Fig 8.27
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ANIMATION Generalized Transduction
ANIMATION Specialized Transduction
Transduction by a Bacteriophage
Fig 8.28