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Transcript of © 2003 Rich Fletcher Designing Technology for the World Dr. Rich Fletcher Visiting Scientist MIT...
© 2003 Rich Fletcher
Designing Technology for the World
Dr. Rich Fletcher
Visiting ScientistMIT Media Lab
© 2003 Rich Fletcher
Thinking about technology…
© 2003 Rich Fletcher
What is “High-Tech”?
© 2003 Rich Fletcher
What is High-Tech?
Objective Metrics
• Moore’s Law• More powerful• Faster, Femto• Smaller, Nano• More complex
Cultural Metrics
• Publication/Journals• Academia/Tenure
• Funding• “Commercial” Apps
• Aesthetics/Style
© 2003 Rich Fletcher
Real World Limitations
• Cost• Manufacturability
• Scalability• Availability of Materials• Energy/Electric Power
• Sustainability/Maintenance
Not emphasized in technical education !
© 2003 Rich Fletcher
Practical Limitations
1995 20001990
Mb
50
150
200
250
100
1995 20001990
10
20
30
40
MS Word install file size Number of useful features
© 2003 Rich Fletcher
Practical Limitations
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
0.20.40.60.811.2
FEATURE SIZE (um)
WA
FE
R C
OS
T (
$)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1985 1991 1996
YEAR
FE
AT
UR
E S
IZE
(u
m)
Fabrication and handling of small chips is a new challenge
FEATURE SIZE WAFER COST
© 2003 Rich Fletcher
Human Limitations
© 2003 Rich Fletcher
How can we improve technology design ?
© 2003 Rich Fletcher 10
Technology Development
1800 1900 2000 2100
• faster, smaller• more power• more components
• human-size, speed• less power• fewer parts
Sustainable development !
© 2003 Rich Fletcher
J. C. BoseCalcutta, India 1897.
Inspiration from J.C. Bose
© 2003 Rich Fletcher
Wisdom from the Toy Market
• Low-Cost (affordable)• Robust, durable
• Easy to Use (Interface)• Low Power
• Scalable to high volume
New Design principles?
World Technology must be:
© 2003 Rich Fletcher
Wisdom from Paul MacCready
Extreme “simplicity”
“Make everything as simple as possible but not simpler”- Albert Einstein
1979 96,863 ft – Aug 2001
© 2003 Rich Fletcher 14
Academic Challenge
Amount of components and resources
Difficulty Level
Simple is hard, too!
© 2003 Rich Fletcher
A New Approach to Design
“High-Tech”
• Moore’s Law• More powerful• Faster,Smaller• More complex• Modularity and
Abstraction
“Smart-Tech”
• Murphy’s Law • Low Power
• Human Scale• More simple
• Integration and Interdependence
•Environmentally Friendly
© 2003 Rich Fletcher
3 Examples(from our work)
© 2003 Rich Fletcher
Example #1:Car Safety Sensor
© 2003 Rich Fletcher
Side-Mount Collision Warning Sensor for Vehicles
We have built a low-cost ($10) 2.4 GHz Wireless safety sensor for vehicles. This transceiver and antenna mounted to the driver-side car door could prevent dangerous and costly traffic accidents or personal injury to bicyclists and other motor vehicles.
Sensor detects bicyclists and other nearby vehicles in a user-specified zone.
© 2003 Rich Fletcher
Vehicle Safety Sensor
• low-cost wireless safety sensor for vehicles.
• 2.4 GHz microwave doppler radar• Helical antenna, 15°beam width
enables focused detection zone.• Analog filters and log amp
provides 100 ft detection range.• Sensor unit to the driver-side car
door could prevent traffic accidents or personal injury to bicyclists and other motor vehicles.
© 2003 Rich Fletcher
Radiation pattern of the helical antenna.Most of the power is directed straight ahead.
© Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory http://kepler.lbl.gov/
Radar Beam
Car
(front)
1 2
Figure 1: With a helical antenna, the sensor will detect Object 2, but not be fooled by Object 1.
CU
RB
BikeLane
Antenna Design
© 2003 Rich Fletcher
Car Sensor Pilot Test
• US Postal Service • with Prof Ted Selker (optical sensor) • Tennessee, US• Jan-Feb 2004
© 2003 Rich Fletcher
Example #2:Plants As Sensors
© 2003 Rich Fletcher
Rich’s PhD Thesis
$1,000,000$100,000$10,000$1,000$100
$10$1
$0.1$0.01
SupercomputerMainframeWorkstation
Personal ComputerPDA
WatchSmart Card
RFID Chipmaterials
Materials as Information Technology: “Chipless RFID”
© 2003 Rich Fletcher
Low-Cost RFID Tags and Readers
© 2003 Rich Fletcher
Present Work
$1,000,000$100,000$10,000$1,000$100
$10$1
$0.1$0.01
SupercomputerMainframeWorkstation
Personal ComputerPDA
WatchSmart Card
RFID Chipbiology
Make use of intrinsic biological functionality
© 2003 Rich Fletcher
Plant Sensors
Applications:
• Environmental Sensing
• Military chemical/bio field sensors
• Smart plants in the home
• Educational tool
Low-Cost Chemical/Bio Sensing ! Exploit plant’s intrinsic ability
light
air quality
water
chemicals
© 2003 Rich Fletcher
Chlorophyll Fluorescence
Secondary radiation associated with transition of excited electrons from metastable levels to ground state:
,...,, 321 xxxCAEF
Emission
Absorption
Environmental factors (light, air, soil)
© 2003 Rich Fletcher
Electron Flow in PSI and PSII
P680
P680*
Ph
Qa-Qb
Cytochrome bf
PcP700
P700*
NADPH
H+ to the thilacoid lumen
LIGHT
LIGHT
© 2003 Rich Fletcher
Chlorophyll Fluorescence
© 2003 Rich Fletcher
Chlorophyll Fluorescence
© 2003 Rich Fletcher
Plant Cam
Visualization method for spatial variation in photosynthesis.
IR Camera and light Monitor
© 2003 Rich Fletcher
Plant Sensor Demo
Motor-car motion is controlled by plant photosynthesis.
Plant Sensor Demonstration:
Improve plant’s performance by 10X
TI MSP430 Microcontroller
© 2003 Rich Fletcher
Plant Sensor Ongoing Work
• Correlate plant response with separate environmental stimuli • Collect long-term data, circadian rhythm • Outdoor + indoor applications• Publish results
© 2003 Rich Fletcher
Example #3:Solar Printer
© 2003 Rich Fletcher
Solar printer
Goal: To create the world’s first printer that uses no consumables
Reusable photochromicpaper:
No sunlight
With sunlight
© 2003 Rich Fletcher
Designing Technology Conclusions
• Important to consider multiple metrics for technology development • Strive for appropriate technology – “smart tech” not just “high tech” • Simple is hard, too!• MIT and other tech schools need to lead reform in technology education• Best leadership is by example
• “Smart tech” is not just for developing countries – everyone benefits!