© 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 1 Chapter 12 Prisons and Jails.

© 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 1

Chapter 12

Prisons and Jails


• flogging• mutilation• branding• public humiliation• workhouses• exile

Early Punishments


• ducking stool - A seesaw device to which an offender is tied and lowered into a lake or river.

• brank - A birdcage-like contraption that fit over a person’s head. The door on the front by mouth is fitted with a razor blade which enters mouth

when the door is closed.

Early PunishmentsPublic HumiliationPublic Humiliation


• stocks - A person sits with hands locked in a wooden structure, while the head is free.

• pillory - A person is forced to stand because of the wooden structure that closes over both the head and hands.

Early Punishments


Workhouses were an early form of imprisonment designed to foster habits of industry in the poor.

• 1557 - first workhouse in England• former British palace called St.

Bridget’s Well• nicknamed “Brideswell” - became

synonymous with workhouse

Early PunishmentsWorkhousesWorkhouses


Early PunishmentsExileExile • Exile is the

practice of sending offenders

out of country.• French sent

offenders to Devil’s Island.


• England sent offenders to the

colonies beginning in 1618. The program was called “transportation.”

• American revolution stopped the

practice of transportation.

Early PunishmentsExileExile


Early Prisons

• 1400’s - 1500’s first

“prison” in Europe• for debtors

Middle AgesMiddle Ages


• It was converted to a prison by Quakers.

• Goal was to provide religion and humanity to imprisoned offenders held in solitary confinement.

Walnut Street Jail, PAWalnut Street Jail, PA

Penitentiary Era (1790-1825)

• The study of the Bible was the

primary method.


1826 - Western Penitentiary opened in Pittsburgh, PA.

1829 - Eastern Penitentiary opened in Cherry Hill, PA.

Other states followed:• Vermont• Massachusetts• Maryland• New York

Penitentiary Era (1790-1825)


Mass Prison Era (1825-1876)• This era introduced “congregate” but

silent style.• Offenders ate, lived, and worked together

in silence.• Corporal punishment was used for rule

violators.• This became known as the

“Auburn system.”• From 1825 onward, most

prisons built in the U.S. followed the Auburn system.


Reformatory Era (1876-1890)

Based upon the use of indeterminate sentence and belief in rehabilitation, the reformatory movement is the result of the work of two men.

• Captain Alexander Maconochie

• Sir Walter Crofton


• Maconochie developed the “mark system.”

• Prisoners could earn credits to buy their freedom.

• Negative behavior caused marks to be lost.

• Mark system constituted first “early release” program.

• Maconochie became known as “father of parole.”

Reformatory Era (1876-1890)Captain Alexander MaconochieCaptain Alexander Maconochie


• head of Irish Prison System• adapted Maconochie’s early

release program • set up four-stage program• entry stage - offenders are:

• placed in solitary confinement • given simple, unmotivating

work

Reformatory Era (1876-1890)Sir Walter CroftonSir Walter Crofton


• second stage - Offenders worked on fortifications at Spike Island where they were housed.

• field unit stage - Offenders worked directly on public service projects in the community.




• ticket of leave stage - This stage allowed offenders to live

and work in a community under occasional

supervision of a “moral instructor.”


• Ticket of leave could be revoked at any time and the offender would serve remaining time of sentence in prison.

• Crofton believed that reintegration into community was necessary for success of rehabilitation.



• Zebulon Brockway was the warden at Elmira.• The reformatory was a leading advocate of

the indeterminate sentence.• Elmira accepted only first time offenders

between ages 16-30.

Reformatory Era (1876-1890)Elmira ReformatoryElmira Reformatory



System of graded stages requiring offenders to meet goals in:

• education• behavior• other appropriate goals


Training made available in such areas as:

• telegraphy• tailoring


• plumbing• carpentry


The goal was to maximize the use of the offender labor movement.

• began in industrial northeast U.S.

Northern Prisons• smelted steel• made furniture• molded tires

Industrial Prison Era (1890-1935)


Southern Prisons• farm labor • public works

projects



Types of Offender Labor Systems


• Contract system• Piece-price system• Lease system• Public account system• State-use system• Public works system


• This act required prison goods to conform to regulations of the states through which they were shipped.

• States that outlawed the manufacture of free market goods in their own prisons were effectively protected from prison- made goods from other states under this act.


Hawes-Cooper Act (1929)Hawes-Cooper Act (1929)


Act came about as a result of complaints by labor that they could not compete with cheap prison labor.


Hawes-Cooper Act (1929)Hawes-Cooper Act (1929)


• It specifically prohibited interstate transportation and sale of prison made goods where prohibited by state law.

• Act came about partly as a result of the Depression.

• It effectively ended industrial prison era.


Ashurst-Sumners Act (1935)Ashurst-Sumners Act (1935)


Punitive Era (1935-1945)

With a moratorium on prison industries, prisons reverted back to custody and security as main goals.

Large maximum security prisons evolved in rural “out-of-sight” locations.


Development of behavioral techniques in the 1930’s and 1940’s brought about the concept of treatment in prisons.

Development of behavioral techniques in the 1930’s and 1940’s brought about the concept of treatment in prisons.

• Treatment based on “medical model.”

• Individual and group therapy programs evolved.

Treatment Era (1945-1967)


Types of Therapy Programs

• behavioral therapy• drug therapy• neurosurgery• sensory deprivation• aversion therapy

Treatment Era (1945-1967)


• This era relies upon resources of community instead of prison.

• Plan is to keep offender in the community.

• half-way house - Community-based treatment program whereby the individual lives in a house but is allowed to go to work during the day.

Community Based Era (1967-1980)


Half-way InIndividuals who have been placed on probation and one condition is that they reside in the half-way house.

Half-way OutIndividuals

on parole and one condition of their parole

is that they reside at a

half-way house.

Community Based Era (1967-1980)


Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics

U.S. Prison Population, 1960-2000.


The Warehousing Era (1980-1995)

Robert Martinson “Nothing Works” study (1974)• He surveyed 231 research studies that

evaluated correctional treatment programs between 1945-1967.

• None of the 231 programs appeared to substantially reduce recidivism.


recidivism - The commission of a crime by an individual who has previously been convicted of a crime; the new crime may be the same or different from the first crime.



Definitions of Prison Capacity• design capacity - The prison population the

institution was originally built to handle.

• operational capacity - The number of prisoners a facility can effectively

accommodate based on the staff and programs of the facility.

• rated capacity - The size of the prison population that a facility can handle according to the judgment of experts.



• Imprisonment is seen as fully deserved and a proper consequence of criminal behavior.

• Root purpose of imprisonment ispunishment.

The Just Deserts Era (1995-Present)


• 1995 - Virginia abolishes parole, increases the length of sentences for certain violent crimes, and plans building of 12 new prisons.

• 1995 - 28 states report a decrease in prisoner privileges during

previous 12 months.



• reduces personal property allowed• restricts outside purchases• eliminates cable TV• abolishes family visits• eliminates special

occasion banquets



Prisons Today

Approximately• 1,000 state prisons• 80 federal prisons• 461 state and federal

prisoners per 100,000 population

On January 1, 2001, state and federal prisons held 1,381,892 inmates. Slightly more than 6.6% of those imprisoned were women.

Numbers and Types of PrisonsNumbers and Types of Prisons


• Whites - 1,108 incarcerated per 100,000 white males in their

late 20’s. • Blacks - 9,749 incarcerated per

100,000 black males in their late 20’s.

RaceRace

Prisons Today


Prisons Today

State Level• 48% sentenced for violent crime.• 21% sentenced for property crime.• 21% sentenced for drug crime.

Federal Level • 61% sentenced for drug law

violations.

Types of CrimesTypes of Crimes


• low level of formal education

• socially disadvantaged background• lack of significant vocational skills• (most) served time in a juvenile facility

Prisons TodayInmatesInmates


• 350,000 people are employed in corrections.

• 20% of all correctional officers are female.• 70% of correctional officers are white.• 22% of correctional officers are black.• 5% of correctional officers are Hispanic.• 4.1 to 1 is the inmate/custody staff ratio.

Prisons TodayStaffStaff


•maximum

•medium

•minimum

Prisons TodaySecurity LevelsSecurity Levels


High levels of security characterized by:• high fences/walls of concrete• barriers between living area and outer perimeter

• electric perimeters• laser motion detectors• electronic and pneumatic locking systems• metal detectors• X-ray machines• television surveillance

• thick walls• secure cells• gun towers• armed guards• radio communication between staff

Prisons TodayMaximumMaximum


Similar in design to maximum security facilities, however, they allow prisoners more freedom.Prisoners can usually:• associate with other prisoners• go to prison yard• use exercise room/equipment• use library• use shower and bathroom facilities under

less supervision

Prisons TodayMediumMedium


• While individual cells predominate, dormitory

style housing is sometimes used.• Cells and living quarters tend to

have more windows.



“Count”• Process of counting number of inmates

during course of day. Times are random, and all business

stops until count is verified.• Medium security facilities tend to have

barbed wire at top of fences instead of large stone walls of maximum security facilities.



Prisons Today

• Housing tends to be dormitory style, and prisoners usually have freedom of

movement around the facility.• Work is done under general supervision only.• Guards are unarmed, and gun towers do not

exist.• Fences, if they do exist, are low and sometimes

unlocked.• “Counts” are usually not taken.• Prisoners are sometimes allowed to wear their

own clothes.

MinimumMinimum


• 1895 - Leavenworth, Kansas - First federal prison for civilians opens.

• 1906 - Second prison in Atlanta opens.• 1927 - Alderson, West Virginia - First

federal prison for women opens.• 1933 - Springfield, Missouri - Medical

Center for federal prisoners opens with 1,000 bed capacity.

• 1934 - Alcatraz begins operations.

HistoryHistory

Federal Prison System


• administrative maximum (ADMAX)

• high security • medium security• low security• minimum security• administrative facility

Federal Prison SystemSecurity LevelsSecurity Levels


original purpose - Short-term confinement of suspects following arrest and awaiting trial.

current use - Jails hold those convicted of misdemeanors and some felonies, as well as holding suspects following arrest and awaiting trial.

Jails


Statistics - 2001Statistics - 2001

• 621,149 men are held in jail.• 70,414 women are held in jail.• 7,615 juveniles are held in jail.• 56% are pre-trial detainees or

involved in some phase of the trial process.

• 22% have been charged with a drug offense.

Jails


• 3,365 jails• 207,600 correctional officers• 2.9/1 inmate/staff ratio• $14,667 average - to house

person in jail for a year

Jails

ProfileProfile


• 20,000,000 people are admitted annually to jail.

• 2/3 of all jails are designed to house 50 or less prisoners.

• 6% of the jails hold over 50% of the prisoners.

• Almost 50% of jail population is held in 5 states: California, Texas, Florida,

New York, and Georgia.

Jails


Source: U.S. Department of Justice

Causes of Jail Deaths in the U.S.


Women and Jail• Women compose only 11.4%

of the country’s jail population.

• Educational levels are low.• 4% of female inmates are

pregnant at the time they come to jail.


• Women make up 22% of the correctional force in jails across the nation.

• 626 jails, in which over 50% of the correction officer force consists of

women.

Women and Jail


Growth of Jails• end of 1980’s - Jails are

overcrowded. • Court ordered caps put on

population.• 2000 - Jail capacity increased,

and occupancy was at 92% of rated capacity.


Growth of Jails• new jail management strategy

- direct supervision • system of pods or modular

self-contained housing areas

• open environment • “new generation” jails


Future of Jails• adding critical programs for

inmates• increasing jail industries • use of citizen

volunteers• jail “boot camps”


States use private prisons to:

• reduce overcrowding

• lower operating expenses

• avoid lawsuits

Private Prisons

© 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 1 Chapter 12 Prisons and Jails.

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Transcript of © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 1 Chapter 12 Prisons and Jails.