© 2001 CONTENT DIRECTIONS, INC. The Business Value of the DOI: A First Look at Applications for the...

© 2001 CONTENT DIRECTIONS, INC.

The Business Value of the DOI:A First Look at Applications for the

Book Industry

David SidmanCEO

CONTENT DIRECTIONS, INC.(212) or (888) 792-1847

[email protected]

National OnlineMay 17, 2001

New York City

© 2001 CONTENT DIRECTIONS, INC. 2

Outline1. What is the DOI (Digital Object Identifier)?

2. Who has implemented it and why (Scientific Journals)?

3. Who is about to implement it and why (Books)?

4. How does it work in real life?

*** DEMO of Book Industry Applications ***

(“Sneak preview of DOI-EB Applications at BEA

May 31, Chicago)


What is the DOI?• “The DOI is the UPC (Bar Code) for objects of intellectual

property on the Internet.” Two aspects:1. Uniquely identifies content - therefore enables computers to execute transactions

of all kinds: Buy, Sell, Syndicate, Track, Compute Royalties, Clear Rights, Enforce Copyright, Grant Permissions… including its full life-cycle within the Content Repository - both pre-publication and post-publication (archival)

2. Provides a Stable, Persistent Link to the Content Itself (or to the Owner’s website)

• Initiated (1996) in order to:a) create an e-commerce market for intellectual property online

b) protect copyright in that market (otherwise no one gets paid)


#1 - Unique Content ID• Any type of content: text, music, film, video, photographs,

software…• Any level of granularity: whole book, individual chapters,

illustrations, data sets, tables, music tracks, versions (e.g. dif. resolutions)…

• Compatible with (superset of) any & all other numbering schemes (ISBN, ISSN, ISWC, UPC…)

• Once assigned, never changes (“A DOI is Forever”)• Why is a unique ID so important for transactions?

(UPC/Bar Code example…)


Financialsystems

Inventorycomputer

Just-in-Time Ordering

Distributor

Manufacturer

Receiving

Store

Cash

register

Head Office

The UPC (bar code): more than just a quick way to get through the checkout line


Financialsystems

Inventorycomputer

Just-in-Time Ordering

Distributor

Manufacturer

Receiving

Store

Unique product identifier also used across supply chain for:

- Billing/Payments

- Sales Tracking

- Financial Reporting

- # goods shipped

- sales by store or region

- etc.

Cash

register

Head Office

The UPC (bar code): more than just a quick way to get through the checkout line


Customer / End User Services Customers / End Users

Content Creation/Supporting ServicesDistribution and Sale of Content

Authors / Creators

Typesetters

Printers/ Manufacturers

Content Management

Systems

Editorial / Content Prep Systems

Web Publishing Systems

Content Hosting

Providers

DRM Services

Rights Clearinghouses

E-Commerce Vendors/ Service

Providers

Online Bookstores

Content Distributors/ Aggregators/ Syndicators

Individuals

Corporations

Libraries

Universities

Subscription Agents

Abstracting and Indexing (A&I)

Services

Search Engines

Search Technology Providers

Library Automation

System Vendors

PublishersPublishers

DOI

DOI

DOIDOI

DOI

DOIDOI

DOI DOI DOI

DOI DOI

DOI

DOI

DOI

DOI

DOI

DOI

DOI

DOI

DOI

Subscription Agents

Abstracting and Indexing (A&I)

Services

Search Engines

Search Technology Providers

Library Automation

System Vendors

Individuals

Corporations

Libraries

Universities

Authors / Creators

Typesetters

Printers/ Manufacturers

Content Management

Systems

Editorial / Content Prep Systems

Web Publishing Systems

Content Hosting

Providers

DRM Services

Rights Clearinghouses

E-Commerce Vendors/ Service

Providers

Online Bookstores

Content Distributors/ Aggregators/ Syndicators

© 2001 CONTENT DIRECTIONS, INC. 9©

Customer©Customer

Customer ©Customer

©

Content Distributors/ Syndicators/ Aggregators

Case Study:Digital Rights Management (DRM)

Secure Wrapping/ Encryption

DRM Packaging Software

©Customer

DOI

DOI

DOI

Content Hosting

©

Meta- data

DOI

DOI PublisherDOI

E-Commerce Vendor

Rights Clearinghouse

DOIDOI

The DOI permits interoperability across all the “moving parts”

of the DRM chain

© 2001 CONTENT DIRECTIONS, INC. 10©

Customer©Customer

Customer ©Customer

©

Content Distributors/ Syndicators/ Aggregators

Case Study:Digital Rights Management (DRM)

Secure Wrapping/ Encryption

DRM Packaging Software

©Customer

DOI

DOI

DOI

Content Hosting

©

Meta- data

PublisherDOI

E-Commerce Vendors

Rights Clearinghouse

DOIDOI

DOI

DOI


#2 - Persistent Identifier

• DOI never changes, but URL does: Content Owner maintains the correct URL pointer in a directory

• Directory is similar to Domain Name System (DNS): single directory logically, but distributed physically

• If maintained faithfully, a DOI link survives:– moving the content to a different server– Content Owner’s sale of that content unit/product line– acquisition of Content Owner by another company


Content

URLURL

URL

URL

URL

URL

URL

URL

URL

URL

URL

URL

URL

URL


404 File not found

Content

URLURL

URL

URL

URL

URL

URL

URL

URL

URL

URL

URL

URL

URL


DOIdirectory

URLURL

URL

URL

URL

URL

URL

URL

URL

URL

URL

URL

URL

URL

Content

Content

Publisher

DOIdirectory

DOIdirectory

DOIDOI

DOI

DOI

DOI

DOI

DOIDOI

DOI

DOI

DOI

DOI

DOI

DOI


Publisher

Content

DOIdirectory

DOIDOI

DOI

DOI

DOI

DOI

DOI

DOIDOI

DOI

DOI

DOI

DOI

DOI

DOI

Response Page

•purchase content•get metadata•get price quote•request rights clearance•request permissions

Publisher

© 2001 CONTENT DIRECTIONS, INC. 16Bookstore Bookstore

Response Page

•purchase content•get metadata•get price quote•request rights clearance•request permissions

Publisher

DOIdirectory

•purchase content

DOIDOI

DOI

DOI

DOI

DOI

DOI

DOIDOI

DOI

DOI

DOI

DOI

DOI

DOI


Content

DOIDOI

DOI

DOI

DOI

DOI

DOIDOI

DOI

DOI

DOI

DOI

DOI

DOI

DOIdirectory

DOIdirectory

DOIdirectory

DOIdirectory

DOIdirectory

Publisher

DOIdirectoryDOI

directory

DOIdirectoryDOI

directory

Internet


Underlying Technology for DOI

• “Handle System”• Robust, scalable, live & working since 1997• Developed by CNRI (Corporation for Nat’l

Research Initiatives - non-profit research org)• Run by Dr. Robert Kahn, one of principal

inventors of the Internet• CNRI runs, coordinates, or supports many

Internet standards bodies: IETF, IAB, etc.


Publishing Industry Support• Association of American Publishers (project was initiated

by the AAP Enabling Technologies Committee, 1996)• International Publishers Association (IPA endorsed its

launch at the Frankfurt Book Fair 1997)• STM International (also endorsed the launch, and has

given special support because the STM market was the first to go online)

• Many individual publishers, esp. STM Journals

Apr 19, 2023 © 2001 CONTENT DIRECTIONS, INC.

Current State of Deployment• Scientific Journals

– 70 of the largest international journal publishers funding permanent non-profit DOI tagging operation (“CrossRef”)

– 3 million DOIs registered to date– “Killer app:” Cross-linking the world’s scientific journal literature, based on a common “DOI Lookup”

database

• eBooks– Stephen King moves 500,000 eBook copies in 24 hours– Wake-up call to Trade Publishers: 1) there is a market, but 2) the content had better be copyright-protected.

AND: 3) it had better be EASY & SEAMLESS– AAP/Andersen Consulting “eBook Standards” initiative declares DOI the identifier of choice for eBooks

(November 27, 2000)

• Other Content Industries (Music, Video, Photography, Software...)• 3rd Party Support from Technology Vendors & Others

– Digital Rights Management (DRM)– Content Management Systems (CMS)– “Infomediaries”

Apr 19, 2023 © International DOI Foundation

Publishers Agreements

5 10

25 300

50 1225

N ½N(N-1)

One Example:One Example:Cost of Bilateral linking agreementsCost of Bilateral linking agreements


Central linking agreementsCentral linking agreements

Common interchange

N publishers = N links


DOI number formatDOI number format

• 10.1065/abc123defg• 10 = DOI 10.1065 = Handle prefix• abc123defg = Handle suffix

– item identifier– any format– naming authority (publisher)

• in use, a DOI is an opaque string (a “dumb number” - a good thing)


PublishersText Music Film/Video Photo Misc..

Bo

oks

Jou

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Ma

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Re

cord

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Sto

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ho

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Tra

inin

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strials

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ntific/M

ed

ical

Ge

ne

Se

qu

en

ces

Ch

em

ical S

tructu

res

Au

th. C

ertifica

tes

Infomediaries

CorporationsLibrariesIndividuals Universities

Customers

SyndicatorsAggregatorsRetailers/

DistributorsSearch

ServicesA&I

ServicesSubscription

AgentsVertical Portals

DOI VALUE CHAINDOI VALUE CHAINCNRI

IDF

Core Technology / Infrastructure

CNRI spin-off

Content Directions

value-added, branded

DOI services

Corp. for National Research Initiatives

-Non-profit research org to develop core technology (Handle System).

-Builds branded, value-added services on top of CNRI platform

-Develops strategic relationships with infomediaries and other partners to encourage publisher adoption of DOI

International DOI Foundation

-Policy-making body for DOI users and registration agencies

-Non-profit; supported by memberships, some “wholesale” fees

-Administers relationship with CNRI

-Encourages adoption of DOI

-Will operate commercially

-Will stabilize core technology and operations as a platform for 3rd-party development

- Will provide documentation, tech support, consulting, etc.

-Encourage publisher adoption of DOI

-Explain strategic benefits & business case

-Help plan implementation

-Project-manage implementation

How Content Directions helps others in the “DOI Value Chain:” CMS Vendors, DRM Vendors, Syndicators/Distributors, Systems Integrators, etc.

© 2001 CONTENT DIRECTIONS, INC. 25CNRI

CNRI spin-off

PublishersText Music Film/Video Photo Misc..

Bo

oks

Jou

rna

ls

Ma

ga

zine

s

Re

cord

Co

mp

an

ies

Mu

ltime

dia

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n

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Do

cum

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tarie

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oto

g.

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ho

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Tra

inin

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strials

Scie

ntific/M

ed

ical

Ge

ne

Se

qu

en

ces

Ch

em

ical S

tructu

res

Au

th. C

ertifica

tes

Publisher/ Industry Assoc.'s

Infomediaries

CorporationsLibrariesIndividuals Universities

Customers

SyndicatorsAggregatorsRetailers/

DistributorsSearch

ServicesA&I

ServicesSubscription

AgentsVertical Portals

IDF

Content Directions

value-added, branded

DOI services

Internally oriented

Other DOI Consultants/

Systems Integrators

CMS Vendors

DRM Vendors

E-Commerce Services

E-publishing/ Distribution

Services

Publisher Services

Externally oriented

Core Technology / InfrastructureDOI VALUE CHAINDOI VALUE CHAIN


Post- Implementation Value-Added Services• CDI will develop or consult on developing company- or industry-specific value-added applications. E.g.:

• Automation of relationships with syndicators/distributors• Advanced DRM solutions• “Multiple-resolution” applications

Implementation• CDI will act as project manager and general contractor

• Custom development or off-the-shelf package integration (Post-Production Systems, Asset Mgmt, Digital Rights Mgmt, E-Commerce...)

Implementation Planning• Metadata assessment• Detailed cost-benefit analysis• Define implementation project

Business Planning• “State-of-Readiness” assessment of: Post-Production workflow; IT systems; E-commerce systems; Back-office systems• Develop DOI-based product strategy• Develop implementation recommendations

Strategy and Business Case• Education Overviews or intensive workshops tailored to Executives and/or Staff.• Business Case Identify increased revenues, cost savings, and implementation costs

How Content Directions helps Publishers

implement the DOI


Further informationFurther information• International DOI Foundation (IDF):

http://www.doi.org

• Corporation for Nat’l Research Initiatives (CNRI):http://www.cnri.reston.va.us

• CrossRef Consortium (scientific journal publishers)http://www.crossref.org

• Content Directions, Inc.: http://www.contentdirections.com


Thank you!David Sidman

CEO

CONTENT DIRECTIONS, INC.

“The DOI Experts”

© 2001 CONTENT DIRECTIONS, INC. The Business Value of the DOI: A First Look at Applications for the...

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