1896: Plessy v. FergusonSeparate but equal facilities are acceptable

What facilities did that include?SchoolsBusesBus stopsRestaurantsChurchesWater fountains

Yes, never mandated by law in the Northern states, but a "de facto" system grew for schools, in which nearly all black students attended schools that were nearly all-black

Schools, neighborhoods/communities, and some jobs were segregated by race

Post WWII blacks continued to fight for equality

Wanted to enjoy the same freedoms as white Americans

Fought in the war, yet could not civil rights/liberties

America is in the midst of the Cold WarSoviet is communist

What are the basic practices/beliefs of a democracy?

How are blacks treated following the Civil War until the 1950s?

Does this illustrate the beliefs of democracy? Who could use this in their propaganda against

America?America is a democracy How could we sway nations in Africa/Asia

to become more democratic?

Some progress towards ending segregation began in the 1940s around two issues, but will gain steam in the 1950sTruman began investigating the conditions

blacks were treated in the SouthVoting rights

5% of eligible blacks were registered to vote in 1959 in Mississippi

School segregation

Major Events

Rosa Parks

Martin Luther King Jr.

Bus Boycotts Marches

Sit-Ins

Linda Brown has to travel a long ways to an all black school

Deem school segregation as unconstitutional “In the field of public education, the doctrine of

separate but equal has no place. Separate but equal facilities are inherently unequal.”

This would reverse the 1896 case: Plessy v. Ferguson

Within a year, schools would have to desegregate and become integrated

South resists desegregation laws

Rosa Parks: Dec. 1955 Black seamstress Arrested, fined $10 for disobeying

segregation laws MLK Jr. helps organize and lead

a boycott of Montgomery’s busses King’s relies on peaceful forms

of protest Like sit ins, boycotts Some boycotters are beaten or

lose jobs Form the MIA: Montgomery

Improvement Association Many leaders in the MIA and

MLK will have their homes bombed

Lasts over a year Forced to then integrate public

transportation

To encourage a nonviolent fight against discrimination, King and other African American leaders funded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) Its student organization was known as the Student

Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). Other long-established African American

organizations also joined the civil rights movement, National Association for the Advancement of Colored

People (NAACP), used the courts to fight racism/segregation

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE).

1957: Little Rock NineCentral High enrolls 9 black

studentsOrval Faubus prevents

their enrollment w/National Guard

Eisenhower sends in troops so students can attend school

By 1957 Eisenhower, with Congress seek to create a Civil Rights Bill

First to be passed since 1875 Bill created a Civil Rights Commission & Civil

Rights Division of the Justice Dept. Would seek/investigate claims of not granting

voting rights Will create a Civil Rights law in 1960

1959 marches, sit ins, demonstrations & boycotts used throughout the US to protest segregation

1960: college students in Greensboro NC sit in at Woolworths Why? Denied service

This “peaceful” would influence other blacks nation wide to protest

Dr. MLK Jr. had preached non-violent ways to end segregation

By the 1960’s blacks used civil disobedience Disobeyed unfair lawsHow?

Sit ins, demonstrations, marches

Promised, during his campaign, to help blacks get equal rights

His promise earned black favor in the election of 1960Kennedy appealed to blacks in his call to Dr. MLK’s wife while he was in prison

Spring of 1961 Civil rights activists volunteer

to ride busses into segregated bus stations in the south

MayFreedom Riders attacked by

people in Birmingham Bus was firebombedRiders attacked

Despite attacks, Freedom Riders continue to travel the South Would travel state to state

Kennedy uses federal marshals to create order

James MeredithAir force vetWants to be

accepted to the University of Mississippi

States Governor denies his acceptance

1963 Alabama Gov. George

Wallace protests the acceptance of a black student to the University of Alabama at Tuscaloosa

Stands in the doorway of the school

Wanted to prevent segregation

Again, Kennedy sends in troops

Kennedy now convinced that national legislation must be passed to end segregation

MLK Jr. leads a demonstration in Birmingham, Alabama

Eugene Connors (police commissioner) orders demonstrators to be dealt with using fire hoses, clubs, dogs

Demonstration is televisedAmerican people outraged Troops are sent in to restore law/orderPeople nationwide are convinced

segregation is not acceptable MLK is arrested, put in jail

June 1963 Kennedy sends a new Civil Rights Bill to Congress

To become a law, Congress has to approve it

To gain support, MLK and 250,000 people go to DC

Known as the March on Washington

Televised event MLK gives the “I

have a Dream” Speech

Nov. 22 1963: Kennedy assassinated in Dallas Texas by Lee Harvey Oswald Later killed by Jack Ruby

Johnson promises to continue the fight for Civil Rights

Civil Rights Bill passed in 1964 Equal access to public facilities,

parks, libraries, restaurants, theatres

Could not discriminate in education/voting

Outlaws job discrimination 24th Amendment ratified Ends poll taxes Poll taxes had prevented many

blacks from voting b/c they could not afford to pay it

Pass the Voting Rights Act of 1965 No literacy tests!

Feb. 1965 Malcolm X is assassinatedTook a more violent

approach towards attain equality

April 1968 MLK Jr is assassinated by James Earl Ray

June 5, 1968 RFK is assassinated by Sirhan Sirhan