Congress of Vienna

1814-1815 –European leaders led by Austria (Prime Minister Metternich)

Goals Prevent French Aggression Balance of Power (No

country is a threat to anyone)

Restore royal families to the throne

Result=5 Grt Powers (GB, FR, Austria, Prussia, RS)

Unintentional Side-Effect: encourages Nationalism

European Map after Congress of Vienna (1817)

Napoleon Empire Map (1815)

Nationalism

Nationalism – belief that people should be loyal to nation not king share a cmmn culture & history Can identify better with own gov’t People have the right to self-govern Nation-States—independent gov,

represents itself▪ Ex. England, France, Ireland, America

The Bonds That Create…

Nationalit

y

Lang

uage

Cultu

re His

tory

Relig

ion

Terr

itor

yNation-State

Defends its territory & way of life

Representative to the rest of the world

Embodies the people & ideals

Nationalism

Beliefs

Conservatives

Liberals Radicals

•Wealthy & Nobility

•Argued for traditional monarchy

•Middle Class

•Power to elected parliaments

•BUT only the landowners and educated

•“Fringes” often students

•Extend democracy to all people

•Drastic changes

Nationalist Rebellions 1821 1830s 1848

•Ottoman Turks (Muslims) control Balkan region

• Greeks rebel

• Popular with scholars, Russians, many Europeans

• British, French, & Russians ally and crush Turks

• Grks win indepdt

•Belgians declare independence from Dutch•Poles revolt against Russians, but are crushed•French king Charles X tries to return to absolute monarchy, students in Paris rebel (put down)

•Paris mobs overthrow Louis-Philippe, reestablish republic•Louis-Napoleon wins presidential election; takes title of Emperor Napoleon III

• Encourages reform

• Experiences economic prosperity

Break Up of EmpiresAustro-Hungarian Ottoman Russian

•Control Hungarians, Germans, Czechs, Slovaks, Croats, Poles, Serbs, & Italians

•Prussia gains control of German States

•Split Austria & Hungary, but both under Emperor

•Turks control Greeks, Slavs, Arabs, Bulgarians, Armenians

•Grants equal citizenship to all people under rule

• Angers conservative Turks—causes tension

• Ex: massacres of Armenians after a revolt (genocide)

•Control Ukrainians, Poles, Lithuanians, Latvians, Estonians, Finns, Jews, Romanians, Georgians, Armenians, & Turks

•Loses Crimean War v. Ottomans

•Russification—impose Russian culture

• Strengthened nationalist feelings

• Disunified Russia• Weakened czar’s

power

Italy

Giuseppe Mazzini Formed “Young

Italy”—youth nationalist group

1848—Rebellions broke out, Mazzini briefly leads a republic in Rome

Driven into exile

Italy

Camillo di Cavour Prime Minister of

Italian State Sardinia

Expanded borders of Sardinia, unifying most of Northern Italy

Italy

Giuseppe Garibaldi Leader of

nationalists rebels in Southern Italy

Supported by Cavour Turned over control

of Southern Italy to King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia ▪ United all of Italy

Unification of Italy

Germany

Otto Von Bismarck Prime minister of

Prussia under Wilhelm I

Realpolitik—politics of reality ▪ practicality >

idealism Encourages

expansion of Prussia through war

The great questions of the day will not be

settled by speeches or by majority

decisions—but by blood and iron!

Germany

Austro-Prussian War (Seven Weeks War) Prussia had superior

training and equipment

Austria humiliated Territory turned over

to Prussia, created North German Federation, led by Prussia

Germany

Franco-Prussian War Southern Germany unsure of

Prussian control so… Bismarck insults the French so

they would declare war on Prussia

Prussians overwhelm Paris & capture Napoleon III—force surrender

Everyone is proud to be German, so Southern Germans accept Prussian control

King Wilhelm I of Prussia is crowned kaiser (emperor) of Germany

Unification of Germany

Coronation of Kaiser Wilhem I Bismarck

So…What happened to the Balance of Power?

Think about: Congress of Vienna & its results Who became stronger? Who became weaker? How did Nationalism affect those

countries?