1. Why did Mendoza become a missionary?

2. What happened to the mission above the falls?

Decline of 90% by the end of the 16th C.

How did this collapse affect the colonies?

African Slavery to replace Native Population Concentrated in Caribbean and Brazil 1513-1850: over 11 million people

11 million people enslaved Used to be 15 million, recently revised down Patrick Manning: 12 million slaves entered Atlantic

trade from 16th and 19th century About 1.5 million died on board ships About 10.5 million slaves arrived in Americas In addition to Middle Passage, 4 million died inside

Africa after capture, and many more died young Manning's estimate covers the 12 million who were

originally destined for the Atlantic, as well as the 6 million destined for Asian slave markets and the 8 million destined for African markets

1. Land and Labor: Encomienda System: grant of indigenous tribute and labor, not land After 16th C, established

haciendas, large landed family farms

Repartimiento: forced purchase of goods by natives

North Central New Spain at Zacatecas and Guanajuato

Upper Peru at Potosi Mine of Huancavelica in the

Peruvian Andes

Brazil

Brazil: Minas Gerais

Local production developed and flourished in 17th C

Wine, Sugarcane Mules Textiles Cochineal Henequen Beef jerkey

and Hides

1. Strict control over female choice and sexuality

purity of blood2. Outright exploitation of indigenous and AfricanWomen3. Tightly controlled in castes

See Chasteen, 78-80

Discussion What were the principal conflicts in this

film? What did you learn about the Colonial

Period?

Chasteen, Blood and Fire, Ch. 3 What pushed Americanos towards independ.? Describe the Patriot’s winning strategy. How did it work?

Bartolome, Ch. 4 How did the conquests of Mexico and Peru

Affect Las Casas’ lobby in Spain?What is “Obedezco pero no cumplo” (95)-Who was Domingo de Betanzos? (98)How did Pizarro’s conquest affect Las Casas?

Conflict: Extraction of labor and resources involved coercion vs. conversion

Lewis Hanke, Spanish Struggle for Justice

in the Conquest of America: “No other European people, before

or since the conquest of America, plunged into such a struggle for justice as developed among Spaniards shortly after the discovery of America and persisted throughout the sixteenth century.”

Four examples of people who struggled to make

Their system more equitable

1. Antonio de Montesinos -Dominican Friar on Hispaniola, who

Sunday before Christmas, 1511 preached first public protest against ill

treatment of Indians by Spaniards (Las Casas, p. 40-45)

In 1600, a dissatisfied and acculturated Indian from Peru

wrote letter to the Spanish monarchs, 1200 pages in

length, etchings depicting abuses of the Spanish Colonial system

-Stinging criticism of injustices of her day

“Which deserves the sterner blame, though each will be a sinner: She who becomes a whore for pay, or he who pays to win her?”

Dominican, helped in conquest of Cuba, owned slaves

Ecclesiastes, Chapter 34

“Those who sacrificeth of a thing wrongfully gotten, their offering is ridiculous, and the gifts of the unjust are not accepted.” Wrote Very Brief Account of the Destruction of

the Indies Results of his work?

Colonial Latin America: Economic and Social

What have you learned today?

Historian Lewis Hanke

The Spanish Struggle for Justice in the Conquest of the Americas

Primary vs. Secondary Documents?