( 1 ) P(III)-Philosophy-H-8 2020 - KBBNC

( 1 ) P(III)-Philosophy-H-8

2020PHILOSOPHY — HONOURS

Eighth Paper

Full Marks : 100

Candidates are required to give their answers in their own wordsas far as practicable.

Group - A

(Ved ntas ra)

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( 2 )P(III)-Philosophy-H-8

[English Version]

The figures in the margin indicate full marks.

Group - A

(Ved ntas ra)

Question no. 1 is compulsory. Answer any other two questions from the Units.

1. Answer any three questions : 12×3(a) Determine the significance and etymology of the term ‘Upani ad’.

(b) Explain the nature of bh ga-lak a .(c) What is meant by avastu?

(d) Explain in brief the relation between pr j acaitanya and varacaitanya.(e) What is called up san ? What is the necessity of up san ?

(f) What is the implication of describing Aj ana both as one and many?(g) What is meant by manana according to Ved ntas ra?

(h) What do you understand by ‘S dhanacatu taya’?

Unit - 1

2. What is Anubandha? Explain all anubandha’s. In this contexts, explain the nature of s dhanaca u taya.4+8+20

3. Explain the distinction between Vya tiaj na and Samastiaj na. 32


4. (a) What are nitya karma, naimittika karma, k mya karma and ni iddha karma?

(b) Explain the necessity of each kind of karma and discuss with reasons which among these areconducive to liberation (mukti)? 16+16

Unit - 2

5. (a) How is caitanya regarded as both up d na k ra a and nimitta k ra a of the world? Explain withillustration following Ved ntas ra.

(b) In this context distinguish between pari ma and vivarta. 20+12

6. What is s k ma ar ra? Explain the nature of Hira yagarbha and taija a following Ved ntas ra. 8+24

Unit - 3

7. Explain the Mim saka view of self. How do the Advaita Ved ntins refute their view? Discuss.16+16

8. What are the different kinds of sth la ar ra? In this context discuss the nature of vir ta and vi va.How are they related? 8+16+8

9. What is Mah v kya? Explain elaborately the mah v kya ‘Aha Brahm smi’. 8+24

Unit - 4

10. Explain the obstacles of nirvikalpaka sam dhi. How can these obstacles be removed? Discuss afterVed ntas ra. 16+16

11. What are the characteristic features of jivanmukta? Discuss fully the state of jivanmukta afterVed ntas ra. 8+24

Group - B

(An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding)

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[English Version]


Group - B

(An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding)

Question no. 1 is compulsory. Answer any other two questions, from the Units.

1. Answer any three questions : 12×3

(a) What does Hume mean by ‘true metaphysics’ and ‘false metaphysics’?

(b) “The most lively thought is still inferior to the dullest sensation.”— Explain.

(c) How does Hume distinguish between properties regarding matter of facts and proposition regardingrelation of ideas?

(d) Discuss in brief Hume’s view regarding occasionalism.

(e) Give two definitions of ‘cause’ as formulated by Hume.

(f) What does Hume mean by custom?

(g) What does Hume mean by ‘Liberty’? Discuss in brief.

(h) Distinguish between antecedent and concequent scepticism.

Unit - 1

2. (a) What does Hume mean by ‘abstruse philosophy’?

(b) Discuss the arguments advanced by Hume against abstruse philosophy. 8+24

3. What according to Hume, is ‘law of association’? Discuss with example its different types. How do thelaws of association work behind all our creative thoughts? 6+10+16

Unit - 2

4. (a) Explain Hume’s view regarding reasonings concerning matters of fact.

(b) Do you support Hume’s view? Justify your answer. 20+12

5. How does Hume show that causes and effects are discoverable not by reason but by experience?Discuss. 32

6. Discuss Hume’s view on probability. 32

Unit - 3

7. “There are no ideas which occur in metaphysics, more obscure and uncertain than those of power, force,energy or necessary connection ....” How does Hume establish this view in his philosophy? Discuss.

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8. (a) Describe Hume’s view regarding animal reasoning and learning.

(b) Explain in this connection the difference between human and animal reasoning. 20+12

Unit - 4

9. What does Hume mean by ‘miracle’? Explain Hume’s view regarding the possibility of miracles.8+24

10. Is religious hypothesis sufficient to explain the universe? Discuss after Hume. 32

11. (a) What is excessive scepticism?

(b) Why Hume does not support this kind of scepticism?

(c) Discuss in this context Hume’s mitigated scepticism. 8+8+16

Group - C

(Problems of Philosophy)

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The Problems of Philosophy

[English Version]


Group - C

(Problems of Philosophy)



(a) Distinguish between existence and subsistence.

(b) Explain Descartes’ method of systematic doubt.

(c) What does Russell mean by derivative knowledge?

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(d) Is there any reason for believing in ‘Uniformity of nature’? Give reasons for your answer.

(e) What are the requirements to be fulfilled by any theory regarding the nature of truth?

(f) How does Kant distinguish between thing-in-itself and phenomenon?

(g) What is meant by ‘idealism’?

(h) Discuss Russell’s view regarding the nature of logical propositions and pure mathematicalpropositions.

Unit - 1

2. “The painter wants to know what things seem to be, the practical man and philosopher want to knowwhat they are...”— In the light of the above statement discuss Russell’s view regarding appearance andreality. 32

3. What are the reasons given by Russell in favour of the existence of physical object over and above oursense data? How far are his reasons acceptable? 20+12

Unit - 2

4. “Taking the word ‘idea’ in Berkeley’s sense, there are two quite distinct things to be consideredwhenever an idea is before mind.”

(a) What are the two distinct things spoken about in the above quotation of Russell?

(b) How does Russell criticize Berkeley’s view? 8+24

5. (a) How does Russell distinguish between knowledge by acquaintance and knowledge by description?

(b) What are the objects of knowledge by acquaintance according to Russell? 16+16

6. Analyse the principle of Induction following The Problems of Philosophy. Can it be proved byexperience? Give reasons for your answer. 20+12

Unit - 3

7. What does Russell mean by a priori knowledge? In this connection show how does Russell distinguishbetween propositions like ‘Two and two make four’ and proposition like ‘All man are mortal’. 8+24

8. How does Russell show that ‘the world of universal is a world of being.’? Discuss. 32

Unit - 4

9. Discuss, after Russell, the different means of acquiring knowledge of universal. 32

10. Explain and examine Russell’s view that correspondence with fact constitutes the nature of truth. 32

11. What is the meaning of ‘truth consists in coherence’? What is Russell’s view regarding this? 8+24


Group - D

(Western Logic)

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A = {1, 2, 3} A

LED

E F G, H (I · J), (E G) · (H I)

[(A B) · (A B)]

(A B) B, A

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–A B C, C –A

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O I

$x Fx . Gx $x [Fx . ($x) Gx]

(A A = )

A = {1}, B = {1, {1}}, C = {1, 2}, D = {1, 2,{1}} E = {1, {1, {1}}}

(C D) B

({1} D) (E C)

{} {},

{, {}}

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[English Version]


Group - D

(Western Logic)



(a) What is indirect proof? Give examples.

(b) What is counter example? Give symbolic and concrete examples.

(c) Define and exemplify :

(i) Boolean existence schema

(ii) Boolean statement schema.

(d) Let A = {1, 2, 3}, what is the set of non-empty subsets of A?

(e) Explain LED rule with example.

(f) Give definition and example of division by dichotomy.

(g) Evaluate the definitions :

(i) Knowledge is the lamp of the soul.

(ii) Man is a kind of animal.

(h) What is the list predicables done by Porphyry? Give a brief exposition of the enlisted predicables.

Unit - 1

2. (a) What is conditional proof? Give one example.

(b) Determine the validity by using conditional proof :

E F G, H (I · J), (E G) · (H I)

(c) Is there any relation between conditional proof and indirect proof? Write with examples.

(d) Use indirect proof to determine that the statement is a tautology :

[(A B) · (A B)] (4+4)+8+8+8

3. (a) Is it possible to call the truth tree method a reductio ad absurdum? Explain with examples.

(b) Show, by using truth-tree method, whether the first statement imply the second one or not :

(A B) B, A

(c) Determine the validity of the following arguments using truth-tree method :

(i) –A B C, C –A


(ii) Moriarty will escape unless Holmes acts. We shall rely on Watson only if Holmes does not act.So if Holmes does not act, Moriarty will escape unless we rely on Watson. 8+8+(8×2)

Unit - 2

4. (a) Test the validity of the following argument by the method of existential conditional :

Bananas and grapes are fruits. Fruits and vegetables are nutritious. Therefore grapes are nutritious.

(b) Show that conversion of O proposition and contraposition of I proposition are invalid by the methodof existential conditional.

(c) When is an alternation of negations of Boolean existence schemata valid? Show with an example.

(d) Determine the validity of the statement by method of existential conditional :

$x Fx . Gx $x [Fx . ($x) Gx]

5. (a) Translate into the language of set theory :

(i) Apostles of Christ are twelve.

(ii) Apples, oranges and mangoes are sweet and delicious.

(iii) Some philosophers are not either materialists or theists.

(iv) Penguins have wings.

(b) Explain the given formula :

(A A = )

(c) If A = {1}, B = {1, {1}}, C = {1, 2}, D = {1, 2,{1}} and E = {1, {1, {1}}}, then determine the valueof the following :

i (C D) B

ii ({1} D) (E C)

(d) Find out :

(i) {} {},

(ii) {, {}}

(e) Explain, with examples, the mutually exclusive set. 8+8+(4×2)+(2×2)+4

6. (a) Explain with examples the principle of extensionality for sets.

(b) Give symbolic definitions and examples :

(i) Proper subset

(ii) Subset.

(c) Give definitions and examples of transitive, intransitive and non-transitive relations.

(d) ‘Socrates is a men. Men are numerous, so Socrates is numerous.’— Is the argument valid? Answerwith justifications. 8+(4×2)+8+8

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Unit - 3

7. (a) What is a term? Give examples.

(b) Write down the difference between the following, using illustrations.

(i) Terms verbal and Terms of thought,

(ii) Positive term, Negative term and Privative term

(iii) Concrete term, Abstract term and Attributive term. 8+(8×3)

8. (a) Explain the difference between term and word.

(b) Determine the logical characteristics of the following terms :

The youngest son of Debendranath, Army, Student, Blind. 16+(4×4)

9. What is a predicable? Explain and evaluate the list of predicables given by Aristotle. 4+20+8

Unit - 4

10. (a) What is a negative definition? Give examples. Can negative definitions be ever correct? Answer withjustifications.

(b) ‘Definition depends on division’— Is this theory acceptable? Discuss. (6+4+6)+16

11. (a) What is logical division? What is its difference from physical division?

(b) Evaluate the given divisions : (8+8)+(4×4)

(i) To divide a room into wall, floor and ceiling

(ii) To divide religion into Hinduism, Islam, Christianity and Shikhism

(iii) To divide metals into white, heavy and precious ones

(iv) To divide universal propositions into universal affirmative and universal negative ones.

Group - E

(Ethics)

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[English Version]


Group - E

(Ethics)



(a) What do you mean by determinism?

(b) Give two arguments against suicide.

(c) Discuss the nature of Applied Ethics.

(d) What is voluntary euthanasia? Discuss.

(e) Is discrimination on the basis of religion compatible with human rights? Give reasons for youranswer.

(f) What is the main subject matter of Environmental Ethics?

(g) What are the main tenets of feminism?

(h) Does Jain philosophy inspire us about environmental consciousness? Discuss.

Unit - 1

2. State and explain the postulates of moral judgement. 32

3. Critically discuss the moral theory of Plato. 24+8

Unit - 2

4. Discuss the different types of euthanasia. Do you support euthanasia? Give reasons for your answer.24+8

5. Explain extreme poverty following Peter Singer. Do you think that if the rich people help the poor, thenpoverty in this world will come to an end? Discuss according to the principle of equality. 12+20

6. What is terrorism? Is it a curse for a healthy society? What are the duties of an able citizen againstterrorism? Discuss. 8+8+16

Unit - 3

7. Can an ideal society be based on discrimination according to caste and religion? Give reasons for andagainst this view. 16+16

8. What are various classifications of feminism? Is it possible to materialise the ideals of feminism inpractice? Discuss. 24+8


Unit - 4

9. Distinguish between anthropocentric and non-anthropocentric environmental ethics. In this connection,discuss deep ecology. 16+16

10. Discuss the trend of environmental consciousness in India. Do the ancient Indian religions advise peopleregarding environmental protection? Give reasons for your answer. 12+20

11. Discuss the nature of moral statements according to prescriptivism. Examine the strengths andweaknesses of prescriptivism as a meta-ethical theory. 16+16

Group - F

(Contemporary Indian Philosophy)

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Group - F

(Contemporary Indian Philosophy)



(a) Discuss briefly ‘practical ved nta’ after Swami Vivekananda.

(b) What is the significance of the word ‘Yoga’ in Swami Vivekananda’s philosophy?

(c) How does Rabindranath Tagore address the problem of Evil?

(d) Explain, in brief, Rabindranath Tagore’s concept of ‘Surplus in man’.

(e) Discuss, in brief, Sri Aurobindo’s view regarding ‘involution’ and ‘evolution’.

(f) Discuss, in brief, the two concepts of ‘M y ’ and ‘Lil ’ after Sri Aurobindo.

(g) What does Mahatma Gandhi mean by ‘Swaraj’? Discuss in brief.

(h) Explain briefly Gandhiji’s concept of ‘Saty graha’.

Unit - 1

2. Explain after Vivekananda ‘The real nature of man’. 32

3. “Religion is an essential part of our life.”— Explain after Swami Vivekananda. 32

Unit - 2

4. Explain the concept of ‘Universal Man’ after Rabindranath Tagore. 32


5. Discuss Rabindranath Tagore’s theory of humanism. 32

6. What is religion of man according to Rabindranath Tagore? Discuss. 32

Unit - 3

7. What does Aurobindo mean by ‘avidy ’? Explain the nature of avidya in this context. 16+16

8. Explain Sri Aurobindo’s concept of ‘Akha a Yoga’. Why is it called ‘Akha a’? 20+12

Unit - 4

9. What does Mah tm Gandhi mean by ‘Truth is God’? Discuss. 32

10. What is ‘trusteeship’? Explain the importance of trusteeship in Gandhi’s philosophy. 12+20

11. How does Gandhiji explain the concept of non-violence? 32

( 1 ) P(III)-Philosophy-H-8 2020 - KBBNC

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