Post on 25-Apr-2018
6/28/2013 1
ORGANIC
AGRICULTURE
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We have overshot sustainability, 350 ppm parts
Per million is recommended safe method for
Carbon dioxide, today at 386ppm we are over
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Organic Farming could pull forty percent
of global green house gas emissions out
of the atmosphere
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The farmers of the future will build soil
that will nurture the soils with innovative
techniques such as advance crop rotations
Intercropping, soil amendments and even
animal grazing . These healthier soils are
more resistant to dry and wet years the
Frequencies are increasing as climate
transforms
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• Improving and maintaining the fertility of the soil is the central focus in organic farming
Soil Fertility
FEEDING THE CROP = FEEDING THE SOIL
Protection of the soil through plant cover
A balanced crop rotation or mixed cropping
An appropriate tillage method
A good nutrient management
Balanced feeding and protection of soil organisms
A rich and active soil
of high fertility
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Why Organic Matter is So Important ?
good aeration and good infiltration of rain and irrigation water
soil organic matter provides a suitable environment for soil organisms
many beneficial soil organisms such as earth worms are feeding on organic material
visible parts of organic matter act like tiny sponges
a loose and soft soil structure with a lot of cavities
non-visible parts of organic matter act like a glue, sticking soil particles together
Balanced feeding and protection of soil organisms
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Increasing the level of organic matter in the soil…
• leaving crop residues on the field
•applying organic manures
• mulching with plant materials
or agro-wastes
• reducing soil tillage
• avoiding soil erosion
• using green manures or cover crops
• suitable crop rotations
• applying compost
Balanced feeding and protection of soil organisms
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An appropriate tillage method
• There is not one right way to cultivate the soil, but a range of options;
• depends on the cropping system and soil type – appropriate soil cultivation patterns must be developed
• Soil cultivation should aim on a minimum disturbance of the soil life.
Each farmer will have to assess the soil cultivation practice which is most suitable for his conditions
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Cover crops
• every plant which covers the soil and improves soil fertility can be a cover crop
Characteristics for ideal cover crops:
• seeds are cheap, easy to get, harvest, store and propagate;
• rapid rate of growth, able to cover the soil in short time;
• resistant against pest and diseases;
• produce large amounts of organic matter and dry material;
• fix nitrogen from the air and provide it to the soil;
• easy to sow and manage as single crop or associated with
other crops
• used as fodder, grains
Protection of the soil through plant cover
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Ensuring a permanent plant cover may rely on:
• timing of soil cultivation
•Timing of planting or sowing
•Mixed cultivation
•Intercropping
•Cover crops
•Mulching
•Timing of weeding
Protection of the soil through plant cover
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• organic farming feeds the plants indirectly by feeding the soil organisms with organic matter
Plant Nutrition
FEEDING THE SOIL = FEEDING THE CROP
Compost and Animal Manure
Organic Material
• More organic matter
• Better soil structure
• Increased soil activity
•Incorporation of diseased plant material
•Improved nutrient mobilization
• Decomposition of toxic substances
• potential suppression of soil borne pathogens
Balanced Nutrition
Reducing Direct and Indirect
Energy Use in Agriculture
• There is no doubt that organic, sustainable
agricultural practices can provide
synergestic benefits that include mitigating
climate change. Organic agriculture enables
Ecosystem that adjust better to the effects
of climate change and has major potential
for reducing agricultural green house gas
emisions.
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Organic agriculture performs
Better than conventional
Agriculture on a per hectare
Scale (fuel and oil) and
indirect consumption of
(Synthetic fertilizers and
Pesticides)
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It takes 35.3 mg
energy to produce 1
kg of N fertilizers
Fossil energy is invested in agricul-
tural production,Twice the amount
of fossil energy is used than the
solar energy used by all the plants
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• a major aim of the organic farmer is to create conditions which keep the plant healthy
Plant Health
FEEDING THE SOIL = FEEDING THE CROP
Preventive crop protection measures:
• adapted and resistant varieties
•Clean seeds and planting materials
• suitable cropping systems
•Balanced nutrient management
•Input of organic matter
Preventive crop protection measures:
•Appropriate soil cultivation
•Good water management
•Promote natural enemies
•Optimal planting time
•Sanitation measures
Advantages and Disadvantages of
Organic Farming
• Organically grown is dramatically superior
in mineral content than grown by modern
conventional methods.
• Major benefits to consumer is that it is free
from contamination of health harming
chemicals such as pesticides, fungicides and
herbicides.
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Advantages
• Food tastes better than conventionally
grown. The tastiness of fruit and vegetables
is directly related to its sugar content.
• Added value of organically produce,
consumers are willing to pay at premium
prize.
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Advantages
• Organically grown are disease and pest
resistance, this was proven by US doctors.
• Weeds are nature band-aids placed by
wisdom of creation to heal and restore
damaged soil, improved soil dissuade major
weeds but favor crops, healthy plants able
to compete with weeds.
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Advantages
• Organic farming has lower inputs cost,
farmer save from expensive insecticides,
pesticides and fungicides.
• Organically grown plants are more drought
tolerant.
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Disadvantages
• Industrialized agriculture points to its
superior productivity. High yield is possible
by using massive inputs.
• Less time use by conventional farming, they
may sow seeds direct drilling after soil is
treated with herbecide, organic farmer are
dependent on cultivation to remove weeds
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Disadvantages
• Organic farming is labor intensive.
• Convenience in the used of GM crops,
round up ready, pest free.
• It requires more skills to farm
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Let us spread the Technology of
Organic farming
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Indigenous plants used as biopesticides
Common Name Scientific Name Description Pest Controlled
Sitsirika Catharansus roseus Ornamental plant,
flowers with white
and pink
Repellant on aphids
and worms
Palochina
ringworm bush
Cassia alaha Shrub, thrives in
wasteland near
water. Yellow
flowers
Fungus disease,
mixed for fungicide
preparation
makabuhay Tinosphora
numphii
Climbing vine General
Tubli Derris elliptica Shrub like herb,
brown stem
General, Diamond
backmoth
Madre de Cacao Glinicidia sepium Deciduous tree, pink
flowers
Eradicate diseases,
broadcasted in rice
field for case worm,
repellant
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Indigenous plants used as biopesticides
Common Name Scientific Name Description Pest Controlled
Marigold,
Amarillo
Tagetes erecta Rank smelling
annual herb, flowers
pale to yellow-
orange
Repellant planted as
companion planting
Sili/red hot
pepper
Capsicum
frutescence
Shrub like herb,
fruits are red
General
Tanglad/
Lemongrass
Cymbopogon
citratus
Fragrant leaves General
Paminta Piper nigrum Start climber General
Luya/ginger Zingiber officionali Aromatic rootstock General
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Indigenous plants used as biopesticides
Common Name Scientific Name Description Pest Controlled
Tubang bakod Japtropha curcas Leaves and branches
used for spray
Kills insects
Kayos/Kubong Dioscora hipida Climbing plant and
tuber, very itchy
Used as spray for
rice bugs
Tigdaw/talahib Saccharum
spontaeum
Green leaves Leaves are used as
repellant
Tawanak Leaves are like small
banana leaves
Stems are stuck
around rice field,
general pest
repellant
Hagonoi Wedelia biflora Plant parts used as
spray; for aphids
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Organic Preparations
• revives soil nutrients
• speeds up composting
• balances the beneficial and non-beneficial microbes
IMOs– Indigenous microorganisms
1. 1 kilo of cooked rice put inside a wooden box, cover and wrap with manila paper;
2. Store in a cool, dry place, check after 2 to 3 days for appearance of molds;
3. Put moldy rice in a plastic container, mixed with 1 kilo of molasses, cover, store in a cool dry place
4. Ferment for seven days until it becomes a mud-like juice
5. Mix 2 tbsp of Imo per liter of water
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Organic Preparations
• Food for the IMOs
• Enhance plant growth
FPJs– Fermented Plant Juices
1. Cut a kilo of green plants/leaves, place in a plastic container and cover with paper;
2. Add 1 kilo of molasses; Store in a cool, dry place
3. Ferment for 7 days
- Mix 2 tbsp of FPJ to a liter of water; spray to the leaves and soil
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Organic Preparations
• Increase plant nutrition
FFJs– Fermented Fruit Juices
1. Cut a kilo of any fruit that is not sour;
2. Add 1 kilo of molasses; Store in a cool, dry place
3. Ferment for 7 days
- Mix 2 tbsp of FFJ to a liter of water; spray to the leaves and soil
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Organic Preparations
• serves as food of microorganisms
• root hormone
• foliar fertilizer
FAAs– Fish Amino Acids
1. Mash a kilo of whole fish/fish entrails/shellfish;
2. Add 1 kilo of molasses; Store in a cool, dry place
3. Ferment for 14 days
- Mix 2 tbsp of FAA to a liter of water; spray to the leaves and soil