Post on 15-Dec-2015
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Dishonesty
• Life resists a simple, one-sentence definition, yet we can recognize life by what living things do.
Fig. 1.2
1. Hierarchy of life• Life’s basic characteristic is a
high degree of order.
CHAPTER 1 Exploring Life
Atoms
Biological molecules
Organelles
Cells
Tissues
Organ system
Organs
-Basic unit of life
Multicellular
Unicellular
• Organisms belong to populations, localized group of organisms belonging to the same species.
• Populations of several species in the same area comprise a biological community.
• These populations interact with their physical environment to form an ecosystem.
Fig. 1.2(6)
The biosphere refers to all life on earth
• Energy flow proceeds from sunlight to photosynthetic organisms (producers) to organisms that feed on plants (consumers).
Fig. 1.4
• All organisms must accomplish the same functions:• uptake and processing of nutrients• excretion of wastes• response to environmental stimuli• reproduction
• The cell = lowest level of structure that is capable of performing all the activities of life..
1b. Cells are an organism’s basic unit
In 1839, Matthais Schleiden and Theodor Schwann
• The cell theory- all living things consist of cells.
• A cell theory extension - all cells come from other cells.
• Novel properties emerge at each step upward in the biological hierarchy.
• Result from interactions between components.
• A cell is not just a bag of molecules.
• encodes life.
• is the substance of ________
1c. DNA is the cell’s heritable information
Fig. 1.7
• is composed of two long chains arranged into a_________________.
• Contains only four molecules called______________ .
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
genes
double helix
• All forms of life employ the same __________________.
• Cells ____________chromosomes and provide an exact copy to two “daughter” cells
genetic code
replicate
nucleotides
• All cells:
• Are enclosed by a _______________
• regulates the passage of materials
• Contain ________
• Two major kinds of cells –
• _______________– (yeast to mammals)
• ___________- contains chromosomes (DNA + protein)
• ______________ - contains membrane-
bound organelles
• Sometimes a cell wall (plants)
• _____________–includes bacteria and archaea
• no nucleus, no organelles, DNA in cytoplasm
membrane
DNA
eukaryotic
prokaryotic
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
2a. Emergent properties- more than the sum of the parts
• The complex organization of life is a dilemma
• We cannot fully explain a higher level of organization by breaking down to its parts.
• At the same time, it is futile to try to analyze something a complex as an organism or cell without taking it apart.
• Reductionism, reducing complex systems to simpler components, is a powerful strategy in biology.
• Reductionism is balanced by the longer-range objective of understanding emergent properties.
Where can I look to find answers??
Fig. 1.10- A map of protein interactions in a cell
Bioinformatics- extracting biological information from huge databases Computer-based mathematical modeling is a must
Requires engineers, chemists, physicists, mathematicitians, biologists
• Organisms obtain useful energy by breaking down molecules in regulated chemical reactions.
• Special protein molecules, called enzymes, catalyze these chemical reactions.
• Enzymes speed up these reactions
• enzymes catalyze the rapid breakdown of sugar molecules when need energy
• At rest, other enzymes store energy in complex sugars.
2b. Feedback regulation is important
• Many biological processes are self-regulating
• Negative feedback or feedback inhibition slows or stops processes.
• Positive feedback speeds a process up.
Fig. 1.11 Fig. 1.12
3. Diversity of Species
• Diversity is a hallmark of life.
• 1.8 million species identified.
• Includes over 290,000 plants, 52,000 vertebrates, and over 1,000,000 insects.
• Thousands of newly identified species are added each year.
• Estimates of the total diversity of life range from about 5 million to over 30 million species. Fig. 1.13
• Taxonomy is the branch of biology that names and classifies species into a hierarchical order.
Fig. 1.14
• Pre 1990- five kingdoms.
• Today- Various classification
schemes now include six, eight, or more kingdoms.
• Debate that there are three even higher levels of classifications, the
domains.
• The three domains are the
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
• Both Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotes.
• Archaea may be more closely related to eukaryotes than they are to bacteria.
• The Eukarya includes at least four kingdoms: .
Fig. 1.15
Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia
Bacteria Protists Plantae
Archaea Fungi Animalia
4. Evolution accounts for diversity and unity
• Life evolves and this process is called evolution.
Fig. 1.17
• Evolution is a theory that has
become dogma• It is based on extrapolation from data from many sources.
• Charles Darwin (1859) presented two main concepts in The Origin of Species.
1. Contemporary species arose from a succession of ancestors through “descent with modification” (evolution).
2. The mechanism of evolution is natural selection.
Fig. not in text
• Darwin inferred that those individuals with traits best suited to the local environment will generally leave more surviving, fertile offspring.
• Differential reproductive success is natural selection.
Fig. 1.21
8. Evolution is the core theme of biology
• Natural selection, over vast spans of time, may produce new species from ancestral species.
Fig. 1.23
• EXAMPLE: The finches of the Galapagos Islands diversified after an initial colonization from the mainland to exploit different food sources on different islands.
8. Evolution is the core theme of biology
• The word science is derived from a Latin verb meaning “to know”.
5. Science is a process of inquiry that includes repeatable observations and testable hypotheses
• Science seeks natural causes for natural phenomena.
• The scope of science is limited to processes that we can observe and measure, either directly or indirectly.
• Verifiable observations and measurements are the data of discovery science.
• The scientific method consists of a series of steps.
• Few scientists adhere rigidly to this prescription, but at its heart the scientific method employs hypothetico-deductive reasoning.
Fig. 1.25
Case of Scientific inquiry- Snake mimicry
Question- Do harmless king snakes benefit from looking like a deadly coral snake?
venomous
harmless
harmless
Prediction- King snakes will be not be attacked as often where the coral snake
lives.
Experiment-place plastic snakes out in both areas, examine for attack marks
Control? - plastic brown snakes to
control for number of predators
Fig. 1.27Fig. 1.28
Results:
Conclusion- It’s good to look like a deadly snake
• Scientific theories are not the only way of “knowing nature”.
• Various religions present diverse legends that tell of a supernatural creation of Earth and its life.
• Science and religion are two very different ways of trying to make sense of nature.
• Art is another way.
• Science can be distinguished from other styles of ____________by
• (1) a dependence on _________________________ that others can verify, and
• (2) the requirement that ideas (hypotheses and theories) are ______________by observations and experiments that others can repeat.
inquiry
observations and measurements
testable
• Science and technology are associated.
• Technology results from scientific discoveries applied to the development of goods and services.
• The discovery of the structure of DNA by Watson and Crick sparked an explosion of scientific activity.
• These discoveries made it possible to manipulate DNA, enabling genetic technologists to transplant foreign genes into microorganisms and mass-produce valuable products.
5b. Science and technology are functions of society
• DNA technology and biotechnology has revolutionized the pharmaceutical industry.
• It has also had an important impact on agriculture and the legal profession.
Fig. 1.32
• Not all of technology is applied science.
• The direction that technology takes depends less on science than it does on the needs of humans and the values of society.
• Technology has improved our standard of living, but also introduced some new problems.