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Bullying: The Hidden EpidemicViolence in American Schools

Trey Malicoat, MS

The National Education Association estimates that 160,000 students in the US miss school every day due to fear of attack or intimidation by a bully. These students miss 28 million days of school annually. (Fried & Fried, 1996)

There is a relationship between bullying or being bullied and other types of violence, including fighting, carrying weapons, and suicide. The 2009 Indicators of School Crime and Safety collected statistics from a variety of studies, which showed that:

Facts About 20 percent of teens had been made

fun of by a bully, 18 percent of teens had rumors or gossip spread about them, 11 percent were physically bullied, such as being shoved, tripped, or spit on, 6 percent were threatened, 5 percent were excluded from activities they wanted to participate in, 4 percent were coerced into something they did not want to do, and 4 percent had their personal belongings destroyed by bullies

Facts One third of teens reported being bullied

while at school 4 percent of teens in this study reported

being the victims of cyber bullying Most bullying occurred inside the school,

with smaller numbers of bullying incidents occurring outside on the school grounds, on the school bus, or on the way to school

Only about a third of bully victims reported the bullying to someone at school

About 2 of every 3 bully victims were bullied once or twice during the school year, 1 in 5 were bullied once or twice a month, and about 1 in 10 were bullied daily or several times a week

Facts In this study, females and white

students reported the most incidents of being the victims of bullying

44 percent of middle schools reported bullying problems, compared to just over 20 percent of both elementary and high schools

Facts Rates of sexual harassment and

racial or ethnic tensions were somewhat higher for middle school children than for other age groups

Violent crimes are more likely to occur among middle school students and younger teens than among older teens

10 percent of middle and high school students have had hate terms used against them, and over one third have seen hateful graffiti messages

Females are more likely to be called be gender-based hate words, while males are more likely to be called by hate words relating to their race or ethnicity

Facts Violent deaths, including suicides, are

rare at school, though recent events have shown that bullying at school may be related to violent actions, including suicides, outside of school

Though violent crimes among young people have decreased in recent years, there was a small upswing in the amount of violence taking place at school

Facts 8 percent of students were injured or

hurt with a weapon at school, and males were more likely than females to be victims

7 percent of students have avoided school or certain places at school because they were afraid of being harmed in some way

Facts Bullying is most common among middle school

children, where almost half of students may be bully victims

Between 15 and 25 percent of students overall are frequent victims of bullying, and 15 to 20 percent of students bully others often

About 20 percent of students experience physical bullying at some point in their lives, while almost a third experience some type of bullying

Facts About 8 percent of students have been

the victims of a cyber bully Studies have indicated that females

may be the victims of bullying more often than males; males are more likely to experience physical or verbal bullying, while females are more likely to experience social or psychological bullying

Students with disabilities are more likely to be the victims of bullying

Homosexual and bisexual teens are more likely to report bullying than heterosexual teens

Bullies identified by age eight are six times more likely to be convicted of crime by age 24 and five times more likely than non-bullies to end up with serious criminal records by the age of 30” (Maine Project Against Bullying, 2000); 60% of students characterized as bullies in grades 6-9 had at least one criminal conviction by age 24. (Banks, 2000)

Fact Roughly two-thirds of school

shooters had “felt persecuted, bullied, threatened, attacked, or injured by others…a number of the teenagers had suffered sustained, severe bullying and harassment” (Bowman, 2001)

What is bullying?Bullying, unlike isolated conflicts betweenindividuals, occurs when a student or group

of students targets an individual repeatedly

over time, using physical or psychological

aggression to dominate the victim. (Hoover & Oliver,

1996; Rigby, 1995; USDOE, 1998). The repeated

incidents function to create an imbalance of power between

bully and victim.

Bullying is violence involving:

Duration

Intent to Harm

Power Human nature of man Power is experienced when a

person feels: In congruence/balance with

their world (at least in some area of life).

Able to exert control over themselves or others (a perceived ability to maintain self control or to control others.)

Powerlessness occurs when: The person perceives a lack of

personal control (emotional, intellectual, social, spiritual, physical) and their adaptive capacities/ personal resilience are exhausted.

Systems of Power Family Government Education Social services Healthcare Religion

Expression of PowerPower is expressed through: Communication

Proximetrics Verbal Non-verbal

Behavior/ Actions Individual behavior/ actions Actions/ behaviors of others Group behavior

Status Economic Social Political Academic

Emotional PowerlessnessEmotional powerlessness occurs when: When a person is flooded with change and

uncertainty and feel they are no longer capable of coping with stress

When actual fear overrides thought—circumstances that involve a fight or flight response

When perceived fear overrides logic—phobias

When all coping mechanisms are tested, and the person exhausts their ability to explore new methods of coping

When a person gives way to the experiential “tapes” in their head (recorded by others or by experience)

Emotional Powerlessness When they loose the ability to be rational and thoughtful When the shame of past behavior/ thoughts consumes the

person

When behavioral patterns seem un-interrupt-able (habits take over and addictions kick in)

When physical processes and physiological responses are confused with emotional processing. (Tears for cleansing vs. tears from sorrowful feeling.) (Feel tired so I must be sad or depressed)

When physical processes and physiological responses override logic, reason, and emotional understanding. (when your mind is tricked because of what your body does—psychosomatic illness)

When a person looses all hope

Physical PowerlessnessPhysical powerlessness occurs when: One person exerts physical dominance over another

When the fight or flight response is initiated (depending on the physiological response—if you fight you are powerful, if you flee or freeze you are physically powerless)

When physical processes and physiological responses render a person impotent (weak and incapable)

When a physical threat causes a loss of rationality and personal understanding of a present situation (fear overrides the ability to act or react)

When a foreign chemical affects central nervous system functioning

Intellectual PowerlessnessIntellectual powerlessness occurs when: Emotion overrides one’s ability to think with logic and

reason

The brain is overwhelmed by too much sensory information

The fight or flight response is initiated and the brain functions with the limbic brain as primary

One looses the ability to explore new options and personal meaning

When one person, through methods of mind control and systematic abuse, take charge of another person’s ability to think clearly (When perception is skewed by someone else)

Spiritual PowerlessnessSpiritual powerlessness occurs when: Intellectual thought overrides one’s ability to maintain

faith and hope

Spiritual beliefs fail to perceived reality. (When tragedy occurs and God doesn’t seem present)

Emotional processes test beliefs rooted in faith

When personal values are challenged beyond one’s ability to believe in a higher power/being)

Circumstances test spiritual resolve beyond the person’s ability to maintain faith and trust in something (a power/ being) greater

Social PowerlessnessSocial powerlessness occurs when: A person is a victim of a social circumstance involving public

embarrassment, humiliation, and shame as perceived by others

When a person no longer has a public voice or opinion because of oppression

When a person is ostracized and treated as an outsider of the social group

When a person perceives him or herself as being socially powerless

When a person’s life experience run contrary to social norms

When a person perceives him or herself as unaccepted and different from others

When social norming dictates behavior that is contrary to the person’s personal perception

Types of Bullies Provoking--bystander encouragers

Proactive

Reactive All types can be individual or group

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