Post on 30-May-2020
Wound Update
Target 2018
Learning Outcomes
• Factors affecting wound healing
• Wound assessment
• Choosing correct dressing
• Management of over-granulation
• Managing infection/sepsis
• Wound Types
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The Stages of Wound Healing
There are four stages of wound healing:
• Vascular response
• Inflammation
• Proliferation
• Maturation (Flanagan M, 1997)
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Factors affecting wound
healing
INTRINSIC • Presence of systemic
disease
• Nutritional status
• Smoking
• Medication
• Adequate skin perfusion
• Age of individual and
wound
• PH of wound surface
• Dehydration (local and
systemic)
• Presence of infection
• Wound temperature
• Psychological factors
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Factors affecting wound
healing
EXTRINSIC • Poor wound care
• Dressings
• Hygiene
• Social problems
• Radiotherapy
• Ability to elevate the limb
• Wound location
• Mechanical stress
(pressure, friction and
shear)
• Presence of foreign
bodies
• Extent of tissue loss and
type of tissue involved
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Wound Assessment
When
•Baseline
•Deterioration
•At least monthly
How
•Wound assessment
template
•Map/measure
•Photograph
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The Ideal Wound Environment
• Moist environment at the
wound/dressing interface
• Gaseous exchange able
to take place
• Impermeable to micro-
organisms
• Absorption of excess
exudate
• Absorption of toxins
• Insulation from low
temperature
• Free from other particles
and other contaminants
• Protection from trauma
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Epithelialising wound
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Epithelialising Wounds
Treatment aim - to protect new fragile tissue
• Hydrocolloids
• Films
• Low absorbent foams
• NA Dressings
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Granulating Wounds
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Granulating Wounds Treatment aim: to maintain a healthy wound bed
for epithelialisation
Low Exudate
• Hydrocolloids
• NA dressings
• Low absorbent foams
High Exudate
• Hydrofibres
• Alginates
• Foams
• High absorbent pads
Sloughy Wound
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Sloughy Wound
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Sloughy Wounds Treatment aim: to remove slough and provide
clean base for granulation tissue
Low Exudate
• Hydrogels – with caution
contact TVN
• Hydrocolloids
• Low absorbent foams
High Exudate
• Hydrofibres
• Alginates
• Foams
• High absorbent pads
Necrotic Wound
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Necrotic Wounds Most necrotic/sloughy wounds auto-debride
naturally.
NB: Diabetic/ischaemic foot wounds – keep dry to
minimise risk of infection and consider referral to
WPMS Nurse or vascular
Dressing choices:
• N/A Dressing
• Hydrocolloids
• Absorbent dressings
• Films
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Cavities
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• Cavities should not routinely be packed in order
to allow free drainage of exudate
• Given the lack of high quality evidence,
decisions to pack may be based on local
practices or patient preferences.
Guideline for the Treatment of Wounds Healing
by Secondary Intention including Sinuses
and Cavities. Leeds Health Pathways (2017)
• http://nww.lhp.leedsth.nhs.uk/common/guidelines
/detail.aspx?ID=5239
Cavity Wounds
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Overgranulating Wounds
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Overgranulation
• Occurs at the proliferation stage of wound
healing
• Granulation tissue continues to be laid down
and stands proud of the rest of the skin
• Possibly related to wound infection/inflammation,
or friction from tubing or excess exudate
• It prevents epithelial cells from spreading across
the wound surface delaying the final stage of
wound healing
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Overgranulation – Management
and Prevention • Foam dressings – with a topical antiseptic
underneath, e.g. povidone or cadexomer iodines
• Corticosteroid cream- Haelan Cream/Tape
(Liciensed) 1% Hydrocortisone cream – not
licensed for this purpose
• Silver Nitrate pencil 95% - as last resort can
cause trauma to healthy tissue (Nelson A, 1999)
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Infection
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Signs of Local Infections
• Abscess/pus
• Cellulitis/excessive inflammation
• Erythema
• Oedema
• Heat
• Unexpected pain/tenderness
• Malodour
• Dehiscence
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Infected Wounds
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Anti-microbial dressings
• Four main categories:
• Silver – should only be used when symptoms or signs
of clinical infection are present. There is some evidence
to suggest they delay wound healing
(BNF 2015)
• Honey – osmosis promotes autolytic debridement,
should not be used on patients with allergies
to bee products, diabetic patient should be
monitored (BNF 2015)
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• Iodine – cadexomer-iodine releases free
iodine when exposed to wound
exudate
- povidone-iodine knitted viscose
dressing facilitates diffusion of the iodine
but is rapidly deactivated by wound
exudate
• PHMB Dressings – impregnated with
polyhexamethylene biguanide
• DACC dressing (dialkycarbamoyl chloride)
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Signs of Systemic Infection
• Pyrexia/fever
• Flu-like symptoms
• Sweats and chills
• Unexplained confusion
• Blood results = > CRP / > WCC
• Unstable blood sugar in diabetics
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Sepsis Screening
• Acute confusion, disorientation, reduced
conscious level
• Blood glucose non diabetic >7.7
• Temperature >38.3 or <36
• Respiratory rate > 20 per min >25 per min
• Heart rate >90 per min >130 per min
• Systolic B.P. <90mmHg,
• Oxygen sats <91%
• Purpuric rash
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When to Swab
• Enlarging of the wound
• Abnormal bleeding
• Increased pain
• Increasing Odour or exudate
• Cellulitis
• Pyrexia
• To check effectiveness of current antibiotic therapy
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Types of wounds
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Leg Ulcers
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Venous leg ulcer
The Evidence
Compression vs no compression
More patients heal with compression than without (Cullum et al 2001)
Results of VenUs 4
Compared 4 layer compression bandaging system with 40mmHg treatment hosiery kits
Treatment hosiery had similar healing rates to those randomised to compression bandages.
Quality of life improved for patients wearing hosiery
Promotes self care and independence
Venous Leg Ulcer Myth Busters
Best Practice Statement: Management of Venous
Leg Ulcers 2017
Lower Leg Injury
• Complete doppler within two weeks of initial assessment if no signs of improvement
• 0.8 – 1.3 Suitable for full compression
• >1.3 ? calcification – refer to WPMS or vascular
• 0.6 - 0.8 = Mixed aetiology – refer to WPMS
• <0.6 Refer to vascular team
• < 0.4 Urgent referral to vascular team
Frequency of Doppler
3 Monthly ABPI below < 0.8 and > 1.3 in hosiery/bandages
Active foot/leg ulceration
Change in medical condition
History of unstable dopplers over 12 months
6 Monthly No ulcer ABPI within range 0.8-1.3
History of recurrent lower limb ulceration/lymphoedema
Multiple co-morbidities with an established regime
Diagnosed with new condition which affects circulation
12 Monthly No Ulcer ABPI within range 0.8 – 1.3
Stable lymphoedema/ oedema
Healed ulcer and no recurrence in 12 months
Limited or well controlled co-morbidities
(Stephen-Hayes, 2015)
adopted by LCHT for leg ulcer guidelines 2016
Compression
Hosiery
Contact your local company reps to arrange
a training session.
BSN Medical (Jobst)
Jo Whittaker-Cox: 07850 659 658
Activa
Rose Richardson: 07973 862 780
Medi UK
Adam Hopkinson: 07469 858 357
In Summary
• Doppler lower leg wounds as
soon as possible
• Start compression if safe.
• Refer to Wound service if no
improvement
Further Info:
Wounds UK Best Practice
Statements:
Venous Leg Ulcers
Compression Hosiery
• Local Leg Ulcer Guidelines on
Leeds Health Pathways
Pressure Ulcers
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Pressure Ulcers
Pressure Ulcer Risk Factors
• Immobility • Existing pressure ulcer • Previous pressure damage • Perfusion • Diabetes • Nutrition • Sensory perception • Moisture
Pain!
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Foot Ulcers
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Non Diabetic Foot
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Diabetic Foot
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How to access referrals on LHP
Click: -Leeds Health Pathways
-Referral Pathways
-Referral Pathways and Forms
“Non Diabetic feet –
screening and referral
pathway”
“Diabetic Limb salvage
Service – Urgent”
“Community Diabetes
Team: Foot Protection
Service”