World War Looms

Failures of WWI Peace Settlement Germany felt Treaty of Versailles was unfair Russia resented their land was taken away to

form Poland & Lithuania Treaty left war-torn nations to rebuild on their

own Gave new democracies little chance at survival What took place as democracy collapsed?

Stalin & the Soviet Union 1922: Revolutions in

Russia gave way to a Communist state Soviet Union

1924: Joseph Stalin took control of the gov’t

Focused on creating a model Communist state

Stalin & SU contd 1927: Stamped out all private enterprise

Production only under state control 1928: Goal- turn SU into great industrial

power To accomplish goals the Soviet became

a police state

Fascism in Italy 1919: Benito Mussolini began

his rise to power Many people who feared

communism became supporters of Mussolini

1935: Fascist Part established & won 35 seats in Italian Parliament

FACISM: strong centralized govt headed by a dictator

Nazis take over Germany 1919: Adolf Hitler joined the Nazi

party, soon became leader or Fuhrer

Mein Kamf (My Struggle) March 1932: Hitler won more votes

than any other party Jan. 1933: appointed Chancellor Once in power democratic govt

dismantled Third Reich established

Japan Militaristic leaders take over Shared Hitler’s belief in more living

space 1931: Surprise invasion of Manchuria

First test for League of Nations Report condemned Japan Japan simply quit League

League of Nations Failure 1933: Hitler pulls Germany out of League 1935: Began military build up

Sent troops into the Rhineland Signed Rome-Berlin Axis Pact

Mussolini began building his own Roman Empire

June 1936: Ethiopia fell to Italy “It is us today, it will be you tomorrow” Ethiopian

Emporer

America Responds Americans had strong anti-war feelings

1937: poll 70% of Americans believed they should not have entered WWI

Breakdown America took sides when Hitler &

Mussolini came to Franco’s aid Supported Franco with

Troops, weapons, & fighter planes 1939: Spain fell to a totalitarian govt. 1937: FDR went against Neutrality acts

& sent China aid

Austria Feb 1938: Hitler met with Austrian chancellor

Kurt von Schuschnigg Schuschnigg was bullied into signing a pact

that brought Austrian Nazis into his govt. Schuschnigg had second thoughts

March 12, 1938: German troops forced chancellor to resign

Sudetenland At the end of WWI

the Sudetenland was joined to Czechoslovakia Mountainous region

with 3 million German speaking people

Sudetenland Spring 1938: Hitler charged the Czechs

with abusing Sudeten Germans France & GB promised to protect

Czechoslovakia Just before war broke Hitler called a

meeting in Munich Edouard Daladier - French Premier Neville Chamberlain- British PM

Sudetenland

Hitler claimed Sudetenland would be his last territorial claim

September 1938: Munich Pact signed Turned land over to

Hitler w/o a shot fired

Reactions Chamberlain returned

home claiming “peace in our time”

Britain rejoiced except for Winston Churchill

Churchill claimed the pact was a policy of appeasement

German Offensive Begins

March 1939:Hitler broke the Munich Pact & seized control of Czechoslovakia

Poland Charged with the same mistreatment of

Germans Both France & GB promised aid

People didn’t think Hitler was serious because of the Soviet’s location to Poland

Stalin did not want war with Germany August 1939: The SU & Germany signed a

non-agression pact Also signed a secret pact: agreeing to divide

Poland between them

Invasion of Poland Sept. 1, 1939:

German war planes flew over Poland dropping bombs & tanks rolled over the country side

Sept. 1939: Nazi soldiers marching through Warsaw

Poland Germany tested a

new strategy- Blitzkrieg or lightning war

By the end of Sept. Poland ceased to exist

Britain & France declared war on Germany Sept. 3

Europe 1939

Axis PowersJapan, Germany, & Italy Tripartite Pact -each Axis nation agreed

to come to the aid of the other incase of attack If the United States were to declare war on

any Axis power it would face a two ocean war

The Phony War Countries expect & braced for heavy

combat Troops sat & waited in peace

After months SU broke the peace by taking countries it lost in WWI Finland was the only one to put up a fight &

fell

Phony War Ends By the end of May

Germany took … Denmark, Norway,

Netherlands, Belgium & Luxembourg

Fall of France Before the war France fortified its

border with Germany (Maginot line) Invasion of Belgium threatened France Hitler sent forces to France

Allied forces fled to Dunkirk Italy invades from the south

Fall of France June 1940:Germany

reached Paris Hitler hands over his

terms of surrender Germans occupy

Northern France Nazi-controlled

puppet govt. in S. France

France General Charles

DeGaule Fled to England Set up govt in exile

Britain Stands Alone

May 1940: Winston Churchill becomes Prime Minister

Battle of Britain Summer- Fall 1940 The Blitz

Luftwaffe or German Airforce

Goal: gain control of the skies

On a single day 1,000 planes would bomb England

Battle of Britain

Targets: Airfields, aircraft &

eventually cities RAF: fought back

with help of radar

Royal Air Force (RAF)

The London “Tube”

Air Raid shelters during the “blitz”

U-Boat Attacks British & Soviet supplies from America

were being destroyed by U-boats Wolf-packs: 15 to 20 U-boat groups April-May 1941: Germans sank 1.2 million

tons of British shipping June 1941: FDR orders the Navy to protect

shipments Permission to attack U-boats in self defense

Atlantic Charter

FDR & Winston Churchill met secretly to form a declaration of war principles Atlantic Charter spelled out causes in

which WWII was fought

Japanese Aggression Nationalist leaders take control of Japanese

government Shared Hitler’s belief of more living space

Japan kept claiming more lands in its colonial empire

July 1941- Japan takes military bases in French Indochina US cut off trade with Japan Oil embargo

Japan Continued October 1941- Hideki Tojo became Prime

Minister of Japan Tojo promised Hirohito a final attempt to make

peace with America No peace = war November 5, 1941- Tojo flew to Washington

for peace talks At the same time he ordered the Japanese navy to

prepare for attack

Japan The US broke Japan’s secret codes

They knew an attack was coming but did not know when

FDR sent a war warning to Guam, the Philippines, and Hawaii

Peace talks went on for a month Dec. 6- FDR received a decoded message

instructing Japan to reject all peace terms

Battleship Row

“A date that will live in infamy”… Dec. 7, 1941- Two wave attack on

Oahu, Hawaii First at 7:53 am Second at 8:55 am 2,403 left dead 188 destroyed planes 8 damaged or destroyed battleships

USS Arizona

Pearl Harbor Japanese Navy crippled the entire US

Pacific Fleet More damage to US Navy than all of WWI Threw America into a two front war Congress approved a declaration of war

the next day Dec 11- Germany & Italy declared war on

the US

Pearl Harbor

Battle of Stalingrad

Turning point in the war Germans are on the defensive for the

rest of the war * US not involved

German Army Russian Army1,011,500 men 1,000,500 men

10,290 artillery guns

13,541 artillery guns

675 tanks 894 tanks

1,216 planes 1,115 planes

Gen. Eisenhower Gives the Orders for D-Day

Prior to D-DAY

D-Day (June 6, 1944)

Allied landing on the shores of Normandy

Code Name: Operation Overlord 5,000 ships 11,000 aircraft 150,000 men

Normandy Landing

Defeat of Germany May 2, 1945: Berlin

falls May 7: surrender

signed May 8: V-E Day the war

in Europe is over Germany placed under

Allied control & divided into 4 occupied zones

Chapter 25 Section 1

America Mobilizes on the Home Front

Selective Service “Remember Pearl Harbor” 5 million men volunteered for the war effort

Not enough to fight two front war

Selective Service Draft provided 10 million soldiers to meet the

military’s needs All men 18-45 required to register A GI’s basic training lasted 8 weeks

Women in the Military 1942- Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps

(WAAC) is formed Women did the same jobs as men for less

pay, rank, and/or benefits Great opposition 13,000 women applied on the first day 250,000 in all

Minorities All fought in segregated units Most African Americans were assigned non

combat roles except for Tuskegee Airmen Tuskegee Airmen - all black unit of Army Air

Pilots From 1940-1946, 1,000 Black pilots were

trained The Airmen’s success during WWII was not

losing a single bomber to enemy fire in more than 200 combat missions

Industrial Response Onset of war caused great industrial boom

325 new factories in Chicago Factories were reconfigured for war

production Workers schedules expanded to 60 hour

weeks Increase in work was great for nation

Due to the draft a large number of men were absent from jobs

Women and Labor

Women and Labor “The More Women at work the sooner we will

win” Held many benefits

Extra income for families struggling to get out of the Depression

14.6 million women prior to war 19.4 million during war More than 2 million recruited by posters By the end of the war 1 in 4 housewives was

employed

Women & Labor 1940

39 million men 12.5 million women

1950 43 million men 16 million women

Women and Labor

African Americans & Labor 2 million minorities hired during war

years Prior to war 75% of defense contractors

refused to hire African Americans Others were employed in unskilled jobs

African Americans & Labor Protests organized

by A. Philip Randolph Randolph agreed to

back down when FDR called for fair employment

Government Control Office of Scientific Research &

Development - OSRD Brought scientists into the war effort Developed DDT- kept away body lice Began developing the atom bomb 1939- Uranium atom split (German)

Albert Einstein wrote FDR warning of dev. Start of Manhattan Project

Government take Control

• Took measures to prevent inflation Office of Price Administration:

• Froze prices on most goods • Extended income tax • Encouraged purchase of war bonds • Set up rationing - Coupons - meat, butter,

cheese, sugar, coffee

Government Control War Production Board

• In charge of converting companies to wartime co.

• Collections of : scrap metals, tin, iron, paper, rags, and cooking fat

• Rationed fuel & vital material to the war effort

Japanese Internment 1942-Forced removal of 120,000

Japanese & Japanese Americans 62% American citizens Entire West Coast sent to “war relocation

camps” 1944- Supreme Court

Upheld internment based on ability to curtail civil rights of a racial group when it’s a public necessity

Japanese Internment

Japanese Internment

Japanese Internment

Photo by: Ansel Adams

Japanese Internment

Homework

1. Describe the changes brought to home life because of the war. (detail!)

2. How did Americans react to the Japanese American population?

3. What Amendments did relocation violate?

WAR IN THE PACIFIC

•BATAAN •DEC 1941- JAN 1942•LOCATION: PHILIPPINES •WINNER: JAPAN

•US LOSES CONTROL OF PHILIPPINES•12,000 SURRENDER AT BATAAN•85,000 DIE - BATAAN DEATH MARCH (65 milesIn 3 days to POW camp)* MacArthur- “I shall return”

War in the Pacific

*First 6 months after Pearl Harbor- Japanese take an empire that dwarfed Hitler’s

After the war in Europe was over the focus moved to the Pacific “Island hopping”

Air Raids on Tokyo APRIL 1942 WHERE: Japan WHO: Colonel James Doolittle WINNER: US

Psychological victory for US because bombs do little damage to Tokyo

Japan questions its defense

Battle of Midway TURNING POINT OF PACIFIC CAMPAIGN

Japan wanted islands that sit 1,000 miles northwest of HI to use as an outpost

Organized a surprised attack with 200 ships & 600 planes US found out about the attack

June 3, 1942: Japanese were spotted by the US & attacked with torpedo planes & sank 4 carriers

Japanese retreat

Island Hopping LOCATION: South & Central Pacific Islands April 1943- June 1944

Winner: US US plan to attack selected islands & ignore others Battles take place on many islands including:

Truk, Tarawa, Marshall, Eniwetok

Iwo Jima & Okinawa June- Feb 1945 South of Japan

Islands needed for air strikes on Japan Very costly for US to take both islands

Iwo: 7,000 KIA & 19,000 wounded Okinawa: 50,000 casualties

Japan lost over 130,000 combined

Defeat of Japan Aug- Sept 1945 Japan & Tokyo Bay

July 45: while US is completing Manhattan Project, they attempt to convince Japan to surrender

Japan seemed willing but on their terms, not ours Aug 6: B-29 Enola Gay drops a uranium bomb on

Hiroshima The bomb instantly kills 80,000 & incinerates 42 square miles

Aug 9: B-29 Bock’s Car drops a plutonium bomb on Nagasaki

It kills 40,000 & destroys city

Terms of Surrender Debate over terms of surrender are settled September 2, 1945 the Japanese Supreme

Council signs the papers on the deck of the USS Missouri

September 2 is V-J Day WWII is now over Japan placed under US control & the

rebuilding process begins

Navajo Code Talkers Used throughout Pacific Campaign Recruited to the Marines

Primary duty: transmitting phone & radio messages

Navajo language had no alphabet or written symbols Perfect for code language

Had no words for combat terms