WORLD WAR IIBuild up & Home Front

Economic DepressionImmediate Effects of Economic DepressionImmediate Effects of Economic Depression•Millions become unemployed worldwide•Businesses go bankrupt•Governments take emergency measures to protect economies•Citizens lose faith in capitalism and democracy•Nations turn toward authoritarian leaders

Long Term Effects of Economic DepressionLong Term Effects of Economic Depression•Nazis take control in Germany•Fascists come to power in other countries•Democracies try social welfare programs•Japan expands in East Asia•World War II breaks out

J. Stalin Soviet Union

A. Hitler Germany

B. Mussolini Italy

*TOTALITARIAN RULE *=

1 political party maintains complete control under a dictatorship

*Characteristics of Totalitarianism

• *Dictatorship

• *Use of propaganda, censorship, and terror

• Extreme nationalism

• Secret police to punish “enemies of the state”

Totalitarian system of government dominated by a small group of military leaders in post-WWI Japan.

The Japanese military invaded Manchuria in an effort to form an empire and gain raw materials and expand their influence in Asia.

Europe Goes To War

*Germany Rearms*

• Hitler & Nazis began a military build up to put Germans back to work in a direct violation of the Treaty of Versailles

• Germans hated the Treaty of Versailles because: 1. the war guilt clause forced the Germans to accept all war guilt

2. forced to pay millions of dollars in reparations

3. it dismantled (broke up)the German military

• Hitler enters the Rhineland & later Austria, violating the Treaty of Versailles.

• *Hitler then demanded the Sudetenland, 1938• *Leaders of France & G Britain met with Hitler &

Mussolini. They followed a policy of appeasement.• *Appeasement = giving in to a competitors

demands.• Hitler annexes the

Sudetenland.

*Hitler’s Aggression

*Axis Powers*

• Italy

• Germany

• Japan

• Hitler than invaded & took the remaining part of Czechoslovakia; peaceful thoughts were ended.

• Despite warnings of further expansion, Hitler invaded Poland using the blitzkrieg. (immediate cause of WWII)

Invasion of Poland

*Causes of WWII*

1. Failure of the Treaty of Versailles

2. Rise of European Dictators

3. Germany’s invasion of Poland

Japan and WWII

*Japanese Democracy in Crisis• *The Great Depression hit Japan very hard due to

their reliance (depended) on imports.

• The economic decline led to layoffs, strikes, and political discontent.

• The Japanese Army was limited and marginalized.

• Radical nationalist groups began assassinating business & political leaders hoping the military would take over & restore Japanese superiority.

*Japan Expands to Asia, 1931

• *Japan attacks & expands into Asia to relieve over crowding, gain raw materials, & for population growth.

• The League protested but took no action.

*The Flying Tigers

• A volunteer group of 100 American pilots led by C. Chennault, a retired U.S. army air captain.

• *Based in China 1941, these volunteers helped protect the Chinese from Japanese invasion.

• Fought 7 months over Burma, China, Thailand, and French Indo-China, destroying 299 Japanese planes with another 153 probably destroyed.  With a loss of only12 P-40's.

*During the 1930’s, the U.S. remained isolationists: 1. spent the 1930’s attempting to survive the Great

Depression. 2. U.S. citizens remembered the terrible losses of

WWI. 3. U.S. citizens remained bitter over the unpaid war

debts from WWI.

*U.S. Neutrality

Neutrality Act - permitted trade as long as it was on a cash & carry basis.

• Americans becoming sympathetic to Allies. FDR starts looking for ways to help.

• *FDR exercises his leadership 1939, when he begins selling military supplies to the Allies

• *Americans began to support the war with the slogan, “all aid short of war” when they began the Lend Lease Program.

*Lend-Lease Act• Britain nearly destroyed & bankrupt

• *Act allowed the U.S. to sell, lend, or lease military supplies to the Allies, becoming the “arsenal (weapon supplier) of democracy”.

• *Supported by most Americans because it was “all aid short of war”

*In accordance to the Lend Lease Agreement, FDR begins limiting supplies to Japan because of their aggression.

1. Scrap iron and steel

2. Froze Japanese assets in the United States

3. Cut Oil shipments

*Japan is outraged & wants to maintain its control in the Pacific.

*Final Weeks of Peace

• *Hideki Tojo, militant army officer, took power of Japan and became the Prime Minister.

• Tojo supported war with the U.S.

December 7, 1941*

STEPS LEADING UP TO THE SURPRISE ATTACK

• Japan wanted to conquer the Pacific, but they had to destroy the U.S. fleet first because we wouldn’t let them expand.• Nov. 26, the Japanese fleet sails toward Hawaii.• Sub activity increases dramatically a month prior to the attack. 5 midget subs are released off Oahu the night before the attack. Goal=sneak into Pearl Harbor• Dec. 7, the fleet was 230 miles north of Oahu.• 6:00 am, the 1st of 3 bomber waves take off. • 6:45am, a destroyer drops depth charges on a sub off Oahu• 7:00am, radar detects planes but is told they are U.S. planes coming from Calif.• 7:50 am, Japanese bombers approach Oahu, surprise has been achieved!

27

…at 8:10 am, the USS Arizona exploded

• She sank within 9 minutes

• 1,177 crew members died with her

• 335 men aboard the ship survived

• The US declares war on Japan Dec. 8th

04/20/23

*THE UNITED STATES DECLARES WAR “Yesterday, Sunday, December 7, 1941… a

day which will live in infamy.”

**Brought the U.S. into the war! Joined the Allies; Great Britain, France, & Soviet Union

*Results of Pearl Harbor• U.S. Pacific Fleet is in shambles. Luckily, the 3 U.S.

carriers (carry airplanes) were not in port• Total U.S. breakdown in communication: encrypted

Japanese & U.S. communiqués never decoded• New radar station told to ignore blips on their screen. No

telephone in their station.• Most naval personal still in bed• All ammo was locked up, superiors had keys• Because carriers were not in port, the Japs scared to send 3rd

wave to destroy the ports fuel & dry dock areas. Big b/c we could repair & rebuild much faster with fuel!

• Germany & Italy declare war on the U.S. 3 days later

*Protecting the U.S.• U.S. scared of revolution & Japanese invasion

• Alien Registration Act, 1940, required all non-citizen adult residents to register with the U.S. government. Began arresting suspicious Germans & Italians, interning them.

• *Executive Order 9066, 1942, used to intern or relocate Japanese & other enemy aliens. Declared areas of the U.S. as military areas (coastal) “from which any or all persons may be excluded.” Reaction to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor because the U.S. government saw them as a threat to national security.

*Internment or Relocation Camps

• They could only take what they could carry.

• Houses & land either vandalized or sold by gov. to ‘Americans’ (esp. farms)

• *Korematsu v. U.S. - declared legal the internment of people during war.

• Japanese Americans generally faced more restrictions than the Italian or Germans b/c they were more easily identified.

The Crystal City, Texas internment camp housed Japanese, Italian & German Americans that were considered a threat to national security.

*Rosie the Riveter = symbol of

American women joining the war

effort!

U.S. Prepares

• Selective Service Act – all males 21-36 must register for military service. A draft would choose who serves

• Increased defense spending from $2 billion to $10 billion.

*Women in the War Effort

• 350,000 women volunteered to serve in all areas except combat.

WACs = women army corp.

WAVES = Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service (naval reserve)

WASPs = Women's Airforce Service Pilots

• *Millions more took jobs in factories previously held by men

*Economic Effects of WWII*

1. Ended the Great Depression

2. Roosevelt increased federal spending to finance the war

3. Minorities got good paying jobs

4. War Bonds caused the national debt to rise

War Production

• Office of War Mobilization -coordinated all war production

• War Production Board (WPB) – converted from civilian to wartime industries.

• Ex. production time of battleships ships cut from 200 to 40 days

*Wartime Workforce• *Unemployment almost vanished

• *Minorities found good paying factory jobs

• Wages rose by 50% & were frozen

• Business representatives agreed to refrain from strikes and lockouts

*Phillip Randolph*• Labor leader who

convinced President Roosevelt to sign Executive Order 8022, banning discrimination in defense industries.

• Ensured minorities found good paying jobs in industry!

*Financing the War

1. Raised taxes - paid for 41% of the war

2. Borrowed money

3. *Sold War Bonds,

$186 billion raised, national

debt still rose

*Office of War Information (OWI)

Federal government agency

that created propaganda

posters.

*Propaganda Posters

What did these posters try to convince citizens to do?

What did these posters try to convince citizens to do?

*Patriotism on the Home Front

1. *Rationing = fair distribution of scarce items

- rubber, metal, & nylon - sugar, fruits, coffee, & butter

- clothing styles did not change & few clothes were produced during the war

*Rationing = conserved essential goods for the military

2. *Victory gardens = planted home vegetable gardens & canned the produce

3. Citizens began practicing “blackouts” during night time to prepare in case of bombing raids or invasion.

4. *Joined the military

1. What are the propaganda posters trying to get Americans to do?