Post on 21-Aug-2015
WINTER DRIVING
• Adverse Weather Conditions
• Prevention of Cold weather Injuries
• Preventive Maintenance
• Driving Techniques
ADVERSE WEATHER CONDITIONS
• FREEZING RAIN
• BLACK ICE
• FOG
• SNOW
OPERATING ON SNOW AND ICE
• START DRIVING IN SECOND OR THIRD GEAR RATHER THAN FIRST OR LOW, AND ACCELERATE NO MORE THAN NECESSARY TO KEEP FROM STALLING.
* AVOID QUICK ACCELERATION ON SLICK ROADS. IT WILL CAUSE YOU TO SKID.
FRESH SNOW MAY CONCEAL AN ICY ROAD SURFACE.
ADVERSE WEATHER CONDITIONS
... RAINS
DRIZZLE OR LIGHT RAINS - EXPECT:
FREEZING RAINS - EXPECT:
VISIBILITY RESTRICTION SLIPPERY SURFACES REDUCED TRACTION INCREASED STOPPING DISTANCES HIGH PROBABILITY OF SKIDS
HEAVY RAINS OR DOWNPOURS - EXPECT:
POOR VISIBILITY REDUCED TRACTION INCREASED STOPPING DISTANCE LOSS OF DIRECTIONAL CONTROL
SLIPPERY SURFACES POOR VISIBILITY LITTLE TO NO TRACTION LITTLE TO NO BRAKING ACTION REDUCED DIRECTIONAL CONTROL HIGH POSSIBILITY OF SKIDS
4-104
TC
21-305
ICE IS WATER SUBSTANCE IN A SOLID FORM - EXPECT:
SNOW IS PRECIPITATION IN THE FORM OF SMALL ICE CRYSTALS - EXPECT:
FROST IS A COVERING OF MINUTE ICE CRYSTALS ON A COLD SURFACE - EXPECT:
ADVERSE WEATHER CONDITIONS
... ICE ...
REDUCED TRACTION INCREASED BRAKING DISTANCE POOR DIRECTIONAL CONTROL POSSIBILITY OF SKIDS
SLIPPERY SURFACES REDUCED TRACTION POOR VISIBILITY - WINDSHIELD INCREASED BRAKING DISTANCE REDUCED DIRECTIONAL CONTROL
REDUCED VISIBILITY REDUCED TRACTION REDUCED DIRECTIONAL CONTROL INCREASED BRAKING DISTANCES
4-105
TC
21-305
ADVERSE WEATHER CONDITIONS
... ICE ...
HAIL IS PRECIPITATION IN THE FORM OF SMALL BALLS OR LUMPS CONSISTING OF CLEAR ICE OR COMPACT SNOW - EXPECT:
WINDSHIELD ICING MAY OCCUR ANYTIME THE TEMPERATURE IS LOW ENOUGH AND THERE IS MOISTURE PRESENT - EXPECT REDUCED OR NO FORWARD VISIBILITY THROUGH THE WINDSHIELD
POSSIBLE SURFACE DAMAGE TO THE VEHICLE POSSIBILITY OF BROKEN WINDOWS
SLEET IS FROZEN OR PARTLY FROZEN RAIN - EXPECT:
SLIPPERY SURFACES POOR TRACTION INCREASED BRAKING DISTANCE REDUCED DIRECTIONAL CONTROL
LITTLE TO NO TRACTION LITTLE TO NO BRAKING CAPABILITY EXTREMELY POOR DIRECTIONAL CONTROL HIGH POSSIBILITY OF SKIDS
BLACK ICE IS A THIN SHEET OF ICE, DARK IN APPEARANCE - EXPECT:
4-106
TC
21-305
GLAZE (CLEAR) ICE IS A DEPOSIT OF ICE FORMED BY FREEZING OF RAINDROPS ON SURFACES THAT ARE AT OR BELOW FREEZING (32 DEGREES F) - EXPECT:
ADVERSE WEATHER CONDITIONS
... ICE
• FROST HEAVING IS THE UNEVEN LIFTING AND DISTORTION OF THE GROUND CLOSE TO THE SURFACE - EXPECT UNEVEN DRIVING SURFACES
LITTLE TO NO TRACTION LITTLE TO NO BRAKING CAPABILITY EXTREMELY POOR DIRECTIONAL CONTROL HIGH POSSIBILITY OF SKIDS
WHEN FOG ON MOUNTAIN
BE ALERT AND DRIVE SLOWLY
TURN LIGHTS ON
MORE...
4-107
TC
21-305
BLACK ICE
DANGEROUS BECAUSE YOU CAN’T SEE IT!
COMMON AREAS YOU FIND IT
1. Bridges/Overpasses
2. Shaded areas
BLACK ICEREACTION
DO NOT PANIC!
MAKE NO SUDDEN CHANGES IN SPEED OR DIRECTION!
EASE OFF ACCELERATOR!
STEER IN DIRECTION THAT THE REAR OF THE VEHICLE IS SKIDDING!
FOG
WHEN DRIVING IN FOG, USE LOW-BEAM HEADLIGHTS
STOP, OFF THE ROADWAY, AND WAIT
FOG
COLD INJURY PREVENTION
TYPES OF COLD WEATHER INJURIES
• Chilblains• Immersion Foot• Trench Foot• Frost Bite• Hypothermia
• Snow Blindness• Carbon Monoxide
Poisoning• Dehydration• Heat Exhaustion
SUSCEPTIBILITY FACTORS
1. Previous Cold Weather Injury
2. Fatigue
3. Race and Geographic Origin
4. Nutrition: 3000 to 4000 calories
5. Overactive or Immobile
SUSCEPTIBILITY FACTORSCont.
6. Alcohol, Drugs, or Tobacco
7. Exposed Situation: Guard Duty, Sleeping Areas, Vehicles
8. Wind Velocity
9. Temperature of Exposure
10. Duration of Exposure
USE OF ACRONYM C.O.L.D.
a. C = keep it clean
b. O = avoid overheating
c. L = wear it in loose layers.
d. D = keep it dry.
CHILBLAINS
Inflammatory swelling or sore, usually
below 50 degrees F with high humidity.
CHILBLAINS1. Symptoms
• Pale and colorless
• Upon re-warming, red in color
• Hot, tender, and itchy
• Skin may blister
CHILBLAINS2. First Aid
• Mild Case: Warm and dry gently
• Severe Case: Dry sterile dressing and protect from further exposure
CHILBLAIN3. Prevention
• Protect exposed areas with adequate clothing
• Use the “Buddy System”
TRENCH/IMMERSION FOOT
Results from prolonged exposure of skin
to cold or wet conditions, usually at 50
degrees F or colder
TRENCH/IMMERSION FOOT
1. Symptoms
• Cold toes and feet
• Swollen
• Discolored
• Waxy and numb
• Blisters may develop
TRENCH/IMMERSION FOOT
2. First Aid
• Dry feet carefully
• Apply foot powder
• Clean and wrap loosely
• Do Not break blisters
• Evacuate to nearest medical facility
TRENCH/IMMERSION FOOT
3. Prevention
• Keep feet dry
• Avoid tight boots
• Exercise feet and legs
• Wear proper clothing
FROSTBITE
Freezing of tissue or moisture in the skin due to exposure to temperatures below
32 degrees F
FROSTBITE1. Symptoms
• Loss of sensation or numb feeling
• Sudden blanching of the skin, followed by tingling feeling
• Redness of skin in light-skinned people Grayish color in dark-skinned people
FROSTBITESymptoms cont.
• Blisters may develop: 24-36 hours (superficial) 12-30 (deep)
• Swelling or tender areas
• Loss of previous sensation of pain in affected areas
• Pale, yellowish, waxy looking skin
• Frozen tissue, solid to the touch
FROSTBITE2. First Aid
• Protect injury from further cold
• Move casualty to warm area
• Warm affected area evenly with body heat
• Improve circulation by exercise
• Remove constricting clothing and jewelry
• Reassure the casualty
FROSTBITEFirst Aid cont.
• Do Not rub the affected area with snow
• Do Not re-warm the affected area by massaging or exposing to open flame
• Do Not allow the casualty to walk if feet are frozen
• Do Not attempt to thaw seriously frozen areas
FROSTBITE3. Prevention
• Eat properly and often
• Wear clothing properly
• Avoid direct skin exposure
• Do Not stay inactive for long periods
• Use the “buddy system” to check exposed areas
HYPOTHERMIA
Medical term for lowered core body temperature, caused by exposure to
cold. Aggravated by wet conditions.
HYPOTHERMIA1. Symptoms
• Pale skin
• Dizziness
• Drowsiness
• Disoriented
• Slurred speech
• Stumbling
• Mind dimmed
HYPOTHERMIASymptoms cont.
• Body slows down
• Exercise tires you quicker
• Casualty stops shivering
• Person wants to lay down and sleep
• Pulse is faint or undetectable
• Unconsciousness
• DEATH
HYPOTHERMIA2. First Aid
• Re-warm body evenly and without delay
• Keep dry and protect from elements
• Give food and warm liquids to produce body heat
• Do not massage casualty
• Do not give casualty alcohol
HYPOTHERMIAFirst Aid (Severe)
• Evacuate immediately
• Avoid further heat loss
• Handle gently
• Stabilize temperature
HYPOTHERMIA3. Prevention
• Eat properly and often
• Dress in layers
• Drink plenty of water
• Stay physically fit
• Keep active
• Stay dry
SNOW BLINDNESS
Inflammation and sensitivity caused by exposure of the eyes to ultraviolet light
rays reflected by the snow or ice
SNOW BLINDNESS1. Symptoms
• Feeling of grit or sand in eyes
• Pain in and over the eyes
• Watering and redness of the eyes
• Headache
SNOW BLINDNESS2. First Aid
• Instruct casualty not to move his/her eyes
• Protect eyes with bandages or sunglasses
• Seek medical attention
SNOW BLINDNESS3. Prevention
• Wear sunglasses
• Use improvised sunglasses
• Don’t wait until discomfort begins to wear sunglasses
CARBON MONOXIDE
Colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. Created by incomplete combustion.
CARBON MONOXIDE1. Symptoms
• Headache, nausea, dimmed vision, dizziness, and chest pain
• Symptoms may or may not give warning prior to collapse
• Skin turns cherry red
CARBON MONOXIDE2. First Aid
• Move casualty to fresh air
• Artificial respiration if necessary
• Keep warm and allow the casualty to rest
CARBON MONOXIDE3. Prevention
• Assure proper ventilation
• Don’t use unvented engines or equipment
ClothingCold-Weather System Principles
• INSULATE
• LAYER
• VENTILATE
ClothingExtended Cold-Weather Clothing System
• First Layer-Polypropylene undershirt and shorts
• Second Layer-Synthetic Fiber Pile shirt and polyester trouser liners
• Third Light jacket and over-trousers
ClothingCont.
• Fourth Layer-Windproof, waterproof parka and trousers
PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE
ENSURE WINTERIZATION OF ALL VEHICLES
DO BEFORE, DURING, AND AFTER OPERATION MAINTENANCE IAW APPLICABLE TM
DO DRAIN ALL AIR TANKS AT THE END OF DAY
KEEP ALL FUEL TANKS FULL TO KEEP MOISTURE FROM CONDENSING INSIDE FUEL LINES AND TANKS
TIRESTIRES
COOLING COOLING SYSTEMSYSTEM
BATTERIESBATTERIES
EXHAUST EXHAUST SYSTEMSYSTEM
WIPERS WIPERS
LIGHTS LIGHTS
FLUID LEVELSFLUID LEVELS
HEATERS/DEFROSTERS HEATERS/DEFROSTERS
PERSONAL GEARPERSONAL GEAR
PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE
PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE
• PROPER MAINTENANCE HABITS ARE EVEN MORE CRITICAL IN COLD WEATHER.
• ANTIFREEZE/COOLANT SHOULD BE CHECKED AT REGULAR INTERVALS, OR , AT LEAST TWICE PER YEAR. (SPRING/FALL)
• ENSURE WINDSHIELD WASHER AND, IF APPLICABLE, ALCOHOL BOTTLES ARE REPLENISHED.
MORE PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE
• ON BRIEF HALTS DURING EXTREMELY COLD WEATHER, LET THE ENGINE RUN AT A FAST IDLE SO THAT THE AMMETER SHOWS A CHARGE.
WHY!* BURNS FUEL BETTER
* MAINTAINS EVEN ENGINE TEMPERATURE
MORE PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE
• WHEN PERFORMING MAINTENANCE, DO NOT TOUCH METAL WITH YOUR BARE HANDS.
• WHEN CLIMBING ON VEHICLES, USE EXTREME CAUTION. REMEMBER, THREE POINTS OF CONTACT.
Cold Hard Facts
• Adjust to Conditions
• Hills and Grades
• Following Distance
• Steering
• Skids
DEFENSIVE DRIVING TECHNIQUES
• COMMUNICATION
• MANAGE SPEED
• SITUATIONAL AWARENESS
• DRIVING SPACE
COMMUNICATION
... LET OTHERS KNOW WHERE YOU ARE
LET OTHERS KNOW WHAT YOU PLAN TO DO
• USE HEADLIGHTS, BRAKE LIGHTS, AND TURN SIGNALS
• USE HORN
• POSITION YOUR VEHICLE SO IT CAN BE SEEN
• USE EMERGENCY SIGNALS
• USE EMERGENCY HAZARD SIGNALS (4-WAYS)
• SIGNAL CHANGE OF DIRECTION
• SIGNAL WHEN SLOWING/STOPPING
FLARES
WARNING TRIANGLES
COMMUNICATION
... USING HEADLIGHTS
• ON RAINY, SNOWY, OR FOGGY DAYS
GRAY DAYS
WHEN USING WINDSHIELD WIPERS
• PRIOR TO DARKNESS
• TO COMMUNICATE A HAZARD
• WHENEVER IT IS DIFFICULT TO SEE
• WHEN MOVING AND LIGHTS ARE NECESSARY
• TO GET ATTENTION
TC
21-305
COMMUNICATION... USING HORN
• TO GIVE WARNING ONLY
• A LIGHT TAP IF NO IMMEDIATE DANGER WHEN:
SOMEONE IS WALKING CLOSE TO ROAD OR ON A BIKE
PASSING (AS A WARNING)
• USE SHARP BLAST WHEN REAL DANGER EXISTS, SUCH AS:
CHILD RUNNING INTO STREET
IN DANGER OF BEING HIT
APPROACHING INATTENTIVE DRIVER
HAVING TROUBLE SEEING AHEAD
LOST CONTROL OF VEHICLE
COMMUNICATION
... KEEP YOUR VEHICLE WHERE IT CAN BE SEEN
• AVOID DRIVING IN VEHICLE "BLIND SPOTS"
• GET THROUGH BLIND SPOTS QUICKLY
COMMUNICATION
... USING EMERGENCY SIGNALS
• EMERGENCY STOPS
OFF THE ROAD, OUT OF TRAFFIC
TURN ON 4-WAYS
LIFT THE HOOD & TIE WHITE CLOTH TO DOOR HANDLE
IF NO WARNING DEVICES, GIVE HAND WARNING
• ALSO USE 4-WAY FLASHERS WHEN:
UNLOADING
IF IN TRAFFIC, STOP WHERE YOU CAN BE SEEN
GIVE WARNING (FLARES AND/OR WARNING TRIANGLES)
AT ACCIDENT SCENE
DRIVING SLOW
DO NOT DO MAINTENANCE IN TRAFFIC
COMMUNICATION... SIGNAL WHEN CHANGING DIRECTION
USE TURN SIGNALS BEFORE:
CHANGING LANES
PASSING
TURNING AT AN INTERSECTION
PULLING OVER TO THE SIDE OF THE ROAD
APPROACHING A PARALLEL PARKING PLACE
RULES FOR SIGNALING DIRECTION CHANGES
ENTERING/LEAVING A FREEWAY
PULLING AWAY FROM A CURB
SIGNAL AS A HABIT
SIGNAL EARLY
MERGING INTO TRAFFIC
SIGNAL AFTER INTERSECTION, PRIOR TO TURN
ENSURE SIGNAL IS OFF AFTER TURNING
COMMUNICATION
... SIGNAL WHEN SLOWING OR STOPPING
• LIGHTLY TAP BRAKE PEDAL - TO FLASH BRAKE LIGHTS - TO
STOPPING AT A PLACE THAT IS UNEXPECTED
SLOWING BECAUSE OF NO DECELERATION LANE
TURNING INTO A DRIVEWAY (PRIOR TO INTERSECTION)
AVOID SOMETHING IN THE ROAD AHEAD
INDICATE:
MANAGE SPEED
WHAT IS SPEEDING? SPEEDING IS:
• EXCEEDING THE LEGAL OR POSTED SPEED LIMIT
• DRIVING TOO FAST FOR CONDITIONS
YOU SLOW DOWN
MANAGE SPEED
... CONDITIONS AFFECTING SAFE SPEED TRACTION:
MEANS TIRE'S GRIP ON THE ROAD
DECREASED TRACTION = INCREASED STOPPING DISTANCE
STOP WITHIN SEEING DISTANCE
VISIBILITY:
ADJUST SPEED TO VISIBILITY CONDITIONS
TRAFFIC CONDITIONS:
MAINTAIN SAFE SPACE CUSHION
ADJUST SPEED TO VOLUME AND FLOW
ROAD CHARACTERISTICS
SHAPE AFFECTS TRACTION AND VISIBILITY
ADJUST SPEED FOR CURVES AND HILLS
ADJUST SPEED FOR DECREASED TRACTION
MANAGE SPEED
... SPEED AND STOPPING DISTANCE
• PERCEPTION DISTANCE
ABOUT 3/4 SECOND
AT 55 MPH = 60 FEET
AT 55 MPH = ADDED 60 FEET
ABOUT 3/4 SECOND
• BRAKING DISTANCE
AT 55 MPH - ABOUT 4 1/2 SECONDS
OR ABOUT 150 FEET AT 55 MPH
• = TOTAL STOPPING DISTANCE
AT 55 MPH = ABOUT 6 SECONDS
= ABOUT 270 FEET (300 FEET = FOOTBALL FIELD)
• REACTION DISTANCE
MANAGE SPEED
... EFFECT OF SPEED ON STOPPING DISTANCE
• DOUBLE SPEED = FOUR TIMES STOPPING DISTANCE
• SLOW DOWN = REDUCED BRAKING DISTANCE
• CONDITIONS = SLOW DOWN
• STOP WITHIN DISTANCE YOU CAN SEE
• AT NIGHT - LOW BEAMS = SLOW DOWN
SPEED AND TRAFFIC FLOW
• SAFE SPEED = SPEED OF TRAFFIC
• SAFE FOLLOWING DISTANCE
• FASTER SPEEDS = CRASH OR FATIGUE
• SAFEST IS LEGAL SPEED OF OTHER VEHICLES
SPEED AND DISTANCE AHEAD
MANAGE SPEED
... MATCHING SPEED TO THE ROAD SURFACE...
• TRACTION = STEERING AND BRAKING
• TRACTION = FRICTION
• REDUCED TRACTION = LOWER SPEEDS:
WET ROADS - REDUCE SPEED BY ONE THIRD
WET ROADS = DOUBLE STOPPING DISTANCE
PACKED SNOW - REDUCE SPEED BY HALF OR MORE
ICE - STOP ASAP
SLIPPERY ROADS = TURNING/STOPPING
MANAGE SPEED
...MATCHING SPEED TO ROAD SURFACE
SLIPPERY ROADS
SHADY AREAS
BRIDGES
VEHICLE ICING
BLACK ICE
RAINS
HYDROPLANING
MELTING ICE
MANAGE SPEED
... SPEED AND CURVES
• ADJUST SPEED
• TAKING A CURVE TOO FAST =
WHEELS LOSE TRACTION - STRAIGHT AHEAD
BRAKING = SKID
• SLOW DOWN BEFORE CURVE
EXIT RAMPS ARE CURVED
– SLOW TO RIGHT SPEED
– BE READY TO STOP AT BOTTOM OF EXIT
WHEELS KEEP TRACTION - ROLL OVER
FOLLOWING DISTANCE
THREE TO ELEVEN TIMES MORE DISTANCE IS REQUIRED TO STOP A VEHICLE ON PAVEMENT COVERED WITH ICE OR SNOW.
100
100 5OO METERS
IDEAL ROAD CONDITIONS
POOR ROAD CONDITION
T T T T
37 37 37 37
T
66-10
AM GENERAL
T T T T
37 37 37 37
T
66-10
AM GENERAL
6 SECONDS6 SECONDS
4 SECONDS4 SECONDS
HILLS AND GRADES
When approaching a hill or upgrade / downgrade remember to do the following:
1. Select the proper gear before approaching, usually a lower gear.2. Use the same gear going down that you used going up. This will allow the engine to act as a brake, so you will not have to use your brake excessively.* On steep or very slippery grades, use at least one gear lower, and go slower *
SKIDS
Result from unexpected forces:
1. Black Ice2. Driving to fast for conditions3. Sudden steering corrections or braking4. Sudden accelerations
SKIDS CONTINUED
If your vehicle begins to skids, take the following actions:
1. Front end skids - Release the brake and let the front wheels roll freely to regain traction and steering control.2. Rear end skids - Take foot off of accelerator and turn wheels in the direction that the rear of the vehicle is skidding, and pump brakes lightly.
15 DEG.
Brake before the turn, not in the turn Brake before the turn, not in the turn accelerate smoothly and slowly. accelerate smoothly and slowly. Decelerate slowly, and ease up on the Decelerate slowly, and ease up on the brakes. Make smooth gear shifts and brakes. Make smooth gear shifts and clutch engagements. Steer in the clutch engagements. Steer in the opposite direction the trailer is skidding, opposite direction the trailer is skidding, while pumping the brakes lightly. while pumping the brakes lightly.
VEHICLEVEHICLE JACKKNIFE JACKKNIFE PREVENTIONPREVENTION
15 DEG.
VEHICLEVEHICLE JACKKNIFE JACKKNIFE
A JACKKNIFE OCCURS WHEN THEA JACKKNIFE OCCURS WHEN THE ANGLE BETWEEN THE TRACTORANGLE BETWEEN THE TRACTORAND TRAILER GETS TO A POINT AND TRAILER GETS TO A POINT WHERE IT CANT’T BE STRAIGHTENEDWHERE IT CANT’T BE STRAIGHTENEDOUT BY THE DRIVER.OUT BY THE DRIVER.
RISK ASSESSMENT
• EXPERIENCE– LIVING ENVIRONMENT
– YEARS AND MILES DRIVEN
– SITUATIONS
• ROAD CONDITIONS– RED
– AMBER
– GREEN
OH DARN!I SHOULD HAVE DONEA RISKASSESSMENT !
WINTER BAG
Minimum Requirements
1. Wet Weather Gear2. Over Shoes
3. Blanket4. Wet Weather Bag5.Field/Gortex Jacket
6. Gloves with Inserts
CHAINSCHAINS GIVE A GOOD BITE IN SNOW OR MUD BUT TEND TO SLIDE AND SLIP ON ICE AND PACKED SNOW.
oh no!He should have
went to the
chain class!
CHAINS
Before execution of the mission, the following checks should be made:1. Ensure vehicle is equipped with snow chains.2. Snow chains are serviceable, and in good condition.3. Leadership will ensure the driver has a working knowledge of how to properly apply snow chains
ENSURE MILITARY AND PRIVATELY OWENED VEHICLES HAVE BEEN PREPARED FOR THE
WINTER MONTHS AHEAD…
•BATTERIES
•ANTIFREEZE
•CRACKED WINDSHIELDS
•EXHAUST SYSTEM
•HEATER / DEFROSTER
PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE
Windows cleared 360
Adjust speed for road conditions
Bridges freeze before roadways
Proper tires all weather / mud & snow
Know your abilities
WINTER DRIVING HAZARDS
Ice, frost, and snow on bridges and overpasses
Poorly marked state and county highways
Drifting snow
Poor visibility
Carbon monoxide
Poor traction
High water at river crossings
Slippery roads caused by wet leaves
VEHICLE OCCUPANT SAFETY
Seat belts properly worn by all passengers.
Use of approved child safety seats.
Infants not seated in front seats of vehicles with
Passenger air bags.
POV WINTER DRIVING CHECKLIST
Winterize your car, and always check your equipmentIce ScraperExhaust system tightAntifreezeCheck all fluid levelsBattery chargedMap
Lights operational and cleanWiper blades serviceable and clean
Properly inflated tires, with sufficient treadHeater/defroster working properlyBrakes checked for wearWindshield and mirrors clean and serviceable
WINTER SURVIVAL KIT
Flashlight Bag of Kitty litter/sandNon perishable FoodShovelBlanket
Warm Clothes
Water
Jumper CablesTire Chains
Tow rope
SUMMARY
• Cold weather greatly affects the operating performance of your equipment.
• Winter weather presents unique hazards, i.e.. snow, slush, ice, black ice, etc...
• Drivers must continually train and gain experience for safe winter driving.
• SLOW DOWN!
• INCREASE INTERVALS!