The Environment InstituteThe Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity

ACEBB Seminar Series

Winkles and the origin of speciesProfessor Roger Butlin

Winkles and the origin of species

Roger ButlinThe University of Sheffield

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wonderfullife.png

Ernst Haeckel 1866 Ernst Haeckel 1906

Barton et al. 2007

Species 1Species 2

Time

Spac

e

Species 1Species 2

Species 1Species 2

Chorthippus parallelus

Species 1Species 2

Bombina variegata

Bombina bombina

Species 1Species 2

Jones lab

Drosophila simulans

Species 1Species 2

Wu 2001

Species 1Species 2

What initiates the evolution of reproductive isolation?

What completes the evolution of reproductive isolation?

What drives the increase in reproductive isolation?

Spatial context Driving force Genetic basis

Initiation

Increase

Completion

Sympatric

Parapatric

Allopatric

Chance (mutation, drift, hybridisation)Natural selection

Sexual selection

Genetic vs non-genetic

Intrinsic vs extrinsic

One-gene, one-allele, two-allele

Restricted recombination

Butlin et al. 2008

‘H’

‘M’

Thornwick Bay

Littorina saxatilis

Roger Butlin

Independent gradients in Spain and Sweden

Emilio Rolan-AlvarezUniversity of Vigo

LOWER MID UPPER

SU RB

S (sheltered)

E (exposed)

Kerstin Johannesson, Göteborg University

Spatial context Driving force Genetic basis

Initiation Sympatry? Natural selection ??

Increase Parapatry Natural selection ??

Completion Parapatry Reinforcement? ??

Scale dependent!

Sympatric and parallel or allopatric and interdependent?

Quesada et al. 2007 Evolution

290 AFLP loci0.01

88

Filey H

Robin Hood’s Bay 2

Robin Hood’s Bay 1

Old Peak MFiley M

Thornwick Bay M

87

99

9076

Old Peak H

Thornwick Bay H

Old Peak H vs M

D20D26D19 E12

A11B15

E41

E10

D27

D6B19A18

A37F61a F11

-0.10

0.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9

1

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

Allele frequency

FST

Wilding et al. 2001

All loci 15 ‘selected’ loci removed0.01

88

Filey H

Robin Hood’s Bay 2

Robin Hood’s Bay 1

Old Peak MFiley M

Thornwick Bay M

87

99

9076

6781

Filey H

Filey MOld Peak H

Old Peak M

Robin Hood’s Bay 2

Robin Hood’s Bay 1

Thornwick Bay M

Thornwick Bay H

0.01

73

99

99

Old Peak H

Thornwick Bay H

Sympatric and parallel or allopatric and interdependent?

Petri Kempainnen thesisAll SS have haplotype 1regardless of locality!

‘H’

‘M’

Littorina saxatilis

Most differentiated (E10)

Not differentiated, control (A30)

Differentiated (E12)Weakly differentiated (A37)

BAC library

Wilding et al 2001Grahame et al 2006

Predicted gene

AFLPRegion sequenced

A

B

C

D

5.3 * 3.0 4.3 * 0 11.8 6.9 * 6.2 4.2 * 6.0 kb

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

E10

L3

E10

L0

E10

L4

E12

L2

E12

AF

LP

E12

L0

E12

L6

A37

L2

A37

L1

A37

L3

A30

L2

A30

L0

A30

L3

Mea

n D

a OP-TB

H-M

FST=0.00FST=0.12FST=0.32FST=0.54

E10L0

-200

204060

78 107

159

inde

l 197

-590

inde

l 553 60

3

617

669

680

702

726

756

803

806

925

929

Position

% v

aria

tion

H-M

Sites

AFLP

120kb 130kb 140kb

E10L0 E10L1

Similar to tetraspanin 3A of Drosophila Conserved protein of unknown function

Pea aphid host races on clover and alfalfaVia and West (2008)

454 – based genome scan

Old Peak

Thornwick Bay

Old Peak

Thornwick Bay

H

M

- 15 individuals / sample- RNA extraction (whole body)

De novo assembly M H M +

Hn reads 159,951 138,677 298,628n bases 30.8 Mb 27. 4 Mb 58.2 Mb

n contigs 16,024 13,695 25,134n contigs

(> 500 bp) 717 811 1,781

Average (bp) 687 713 751

Largest (bp) 2,382 2,003 3,438

Juan Galindo

Divergent SNPs

*

Outlier (P<0.05 by simulation with ‘Winkle454’)Significant after SGoF correction (http://webs.uvigo.es/acraaj/SGoF.htm)Significant after Benjamini-Hochberg correction

2454 SNPs in 572 contigs 510 SNPs in 197 contigs

• Food and parasites!• Transposable elements?• Some interesting proteins…

Shell formationLithostatineMucinDermatopontin

Muscle physiologyMyosinTitin

Energetic metabolismArginine kinaseNADH dehydrogenase

Spatial context Driving force Genetic basis

Initiation Parapatry? Natural selection Many loci?

Increase ParapatryConcerted?

Natural selection Many loci?

Completion Parapatry Reinforcement? ??

John Grahame, Craig Wilding, Henry Wood and Juan Galindo – Littorina

NERC and BBSRC – cash

Thanks!

This sketch is most imperfect; but in so short a space I cannot make it better. Your imagination must fill up very wide blanks.

Darwin, 1858

The Environment InstituteThe Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity

Next seminar

A system for establishing TERN in AustraliaAssociate Professor Jean-Marc Hero