Windows Forensics Overview r3 110606165431 Phpapp02

Digital Forensics and Windows 7Overview

Troy LarsonPrincipal Forensics Program ManagerTWC Network Security Investigations

NSINV-R3– Research|Readiness|Response

Introduction and Encouragement

Fvevol.sys

File SystemsNTFS, FAT32, EXFAT

Mount, Partition & Managers

Applications

OS Artifacts

Highlights of new things of interest.

– Changes between XP and Windows 7.

– Climb the Stack of Forensics Knowledge.

World vs. Microsoft

Pre-Vista, huge Windows XP base; pre-Office 2007.

X64, Windows 7, Windows 2008 R2, Office 2010, * 2010, Windows 8, WP 7

From XP to Vista

• Changed location of boot sector.• BitLocker, unlocking, imaging,

preservation.• EXFAT. Transactional NTFS.• Event Logging.• New format-.evtx.• New system for collecting and

displaying events.• New security event numbering.• New directory tree for account

profiles.• Symbolic links. “Virtual” folders .• “Virtual” registries.• Volume Shadow Copies and

difference files.• User Account Control.• Enforced Signed Drivers x64.

• Hard links. WinSxS.*• Default settings-NTFS, change

journal.• Recycle Bin, no info2, now $I.* &

$R.*• Built in volume and disk wiping.• SuperFetch & prefetch files.• Profile based thumbcaches.*• Office file format changes .docx,

.pptx, .xlsx.• New Office files—InfoPath, Grove,

OneNote.• EFS encrypted pagefile.• x64 Windows.• Windows 2008 Hyper-V.• Built in Defender.

From XP to Windows 7

Windows 7 Highlights for Forensics

• Changed volume header for BitLocker volumes.

• Updated BitLocker, multiple volumes, Smartcard keys, not backwardly compatible.

• BitLocker To Go.• Virtual Hard drives—Boot from,

mount as “Disks.” • Virtual PC—integrated into the

OS.• XP Mode.• Flash Media Enhancements.• Libraries, Sticky Notes, Jump

Lists.• Service and Driver triggers.• Fewer Services on default

startup.

• I.E. 8, InPrivate Browsing, Tab and Session Recovery.

• Changes in Volume Shadow Copy behavior.

• New registry-like files.• WebDAV-Office cache.• More x64 clients. X64

Windows 2008 R2 (server).• Changes in Hyper-V.• Office 2010 file format

changes—OneNote.• Thumbnail Cache.• Virtual Servers, thin clients.• Direct Access (IPSec).• Windows Search.

Windows 7 Disk Identification

Disk signature:0x1b8-1bb

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\HARDWARE\DESCRIPTION\System\MultifunctionAdapter\0\DiskController\0\DiskPeripheral\0

Windows 7 Partitions and Volumes

If you can’t find your volumes look for this

Windows 7 Partitions and Volumes--VHD

Full format will zero out the entire volume space and rebuild a clean file system.

Diskpart clean /all will wipe the entire hard drive.

Windows 7 BitLocker

During installing, Windows 7 creates a “System Reserved” volume—enabling set up of BitLocker.

In Vista, the System volume was generally 1.5 GB or more.

Windows 7 BitLocker

• Vista & Windows 2008 cannot unlock BitLocker volumes created with Windows 7 or 2008 R2.

• Forensics tools may not recognize the new BitLocker volume header.

• Must use Windows 7 or 2008 R2 to open (and image) BitLocker volumes from Windows 7 or 2008 R2.

Windows 7 BitLockerReview or Imaging

File System Driver

Fvevol.sys

Volume Manager

Applications

User ModeKernel Mode

FVEVOL.SYS sits underneath the file system driver and performs all encryption / decryption.

• Once booted, Windows (and the user) sees no difference in experience.

• The encryption / decryption happens at below the file system.

File System Driver

Fvevol.sys

Volume Manager

Application

User ModeKernel Mode

Forensic review or imaging begins with attaching the hard drive or USB drive to a Windows 7 or 2008 R2 system and unlocking it.

Unlocking BitLocker with the GUI. Windows 7 will recognize an added BitLocker volume and prompt for the recovery key.

The “More/Less information” button will provide the BitLocker volume recovery key identification.

To unlock a BitLockered volume, first get the Recovery Password ID: manage-bde –protectors –get [volume]. The Recovery Password ID can be used to recover the Recovery Password from the AD.

• BitLocker Recovery Key 783F5FF9-18D4-4C64-AD4A-CD3075CB8335.txt:

BitLocker Drive Encryption Recovery Key The recovery key is used to recover the data on a BitLocker protected drive.

To verify that this is the correct recovery key compare the identification with what is presented on the recovery screen.

Recovery key identification: 783F5FF9-18D4-4CFull recovery key identification: 783F5FF9-18D4-4C64-AD4A-CD3075CB8335

BitLocker Recovery Key:528748-036938-506726-199056-621005-314512-037290-524293

Enter the recovery key exactly.

Unlock the BitLocker volume:Manage-bde.exe –unlock [volume] –rp [recovery password].

Viewed or imaged as part of a physical disk, BitLocker volumes appear encrypted.

To view a BitLocker volume as it appears in its unlocked state, address it as a logical volume.

Image the logical volume to obtain an image of the unlocked volume.

Windows 7 BitLocker To GoReview or Imaging

Windows 7 BitLocker To Go Review or Imaging

Selecting the “I forgot my password” will bring up a window to enter the recovery key.

Windows 7 BitLocker To Go Review or Imaging

The BitLocker To Go device is unlocked and ready for review or imaging.

Windows 7 File Systems

• NTFS

– Symbolic links to files, folders, and UNC paths.

– Hard links are extensively used.

– Disabled by default: Update Last Access Date.

– Enabled by default: The NTFS Change Journal.

• Transactional NTFS (TxF)—Installations, patches, and as-needed driver installations (IR?).

• TxF works on top of NTFS—

• Allows a related series of file system changes to be treated and logged as a “transaction.”

• NTFS can then commit if the changes are completed successfully, or abort and roll back if they are not.

“Transactional NTFS (TxF) allows file operations on an NTFS file system volume to be performed in a transaction. TxF transactions increase application reliability by protecting data integrity across failures and simplify application development by greatly reducing the amount of error handling code.”

http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb968806(VS.85).aspx

The $Tops:$T stream is in XML and can be read in an XML reader, such as the Microsoft XML Notepad.

NTFS: Symbolic links.

NTFS: Hard Links.

NTFS: Much of the heavy lifting is done by named data streams.

More of this: NTFS: Much of the heavy lifting is done by named data streams.

NTFS: $USNJrnl:$J

Windows 7 Artifacts—Recycle.Bin• [Volume]:\$Recycle.Bin.• $Recycle.Bin is visible in Explorer (view hidden files).• Per user store in a subfolder named with account SID.• When a file is moved to the Recycle Bin, it becomes two files.• $I and $R files.

• $I file—original name and path, as well as the deleted date.• $R file—original file data stream and other attributes.

Windows 7 Artifacts—Recycle.Bin

Note the deleted date (in blue).

Windows 7 Artifacts—Recycle.Bin

Windows 7 Artifacts—Recycle.BinThe Recycle.Bin works similarly on FAT file systems, here EXFAT:

Windows 7 ArtifactsFolder Virtualization

– Part of User Access Control—Standard user cannot write to certain protected folders.

• C:\Windows

• C:\Program Files

• C:\Program Data

– To allow standard user to function, any writes to protected folders are “virtualized” and written to

C:\Users\[user]\AppData\Local\VirtualStore

Windows 7 ArtifactsRegistry Virtualization

HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Classes

• Virtualize (HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE)

• Non-administrator writes are redirect to: HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Classes\VirtualStore\MACHINE\SOFTWARE\

• Keys excluded from virtualization– HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Classes– HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE

\Software\Microsoft\Windows– HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE

\Software\Microsoft\Windows NT

• Location of the registry hive file for the VirtualStore– Is NOT the user’s NTUSER.DAT

– It is stored in the user’s UsrClass.dat\Users\[user]\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Windows\UsrClass.dat

• Investigation of Vista through 2008 R2 requires the investigator to examine at least two account specific registry hive files for each user account.– NTUSER.DAT

– UsrClass.dat

Windows 7 ArtifactsTransactional Registry

• Related to TxF—also built on the Kernel Transaction Manager– http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc303705.aspx

• TxR allows applications to perform registry operations in a transactional manner.– Typical scenario: software installation.

– Files copied to file system and information to the registry as a single operation.

– In the event of failure, registry modification rolled back or discarded.

The TxR files are stored in the TxR subfolder in \Windows\System32\config with the system registry hives.

Windows 7 ArtifactsLibraries

\Users\[account]\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\Libraries.

Libraries are XML files.

Windows 7 ArtifactsSticky Notes

Sticky notes are also files in the Structured Storage file format.

Windows 7 ArtifactsSticky Notes

Windows 7 ArtifactsChkdsk Logs

\System Volume Information\Chkdsk

Windows 7 ArtifactsSuperfetch

• The existence of a prefetch file indicates that the application named by the prefetch file was run.

• The creation date of a prefetch file can indicate when the named application was first run.

• The modification date of a prefetch file can indicate when the named application was last run.

Windows 7 ArtifactsSuperfetch

\Windows\Prefetch

Windows 7 ArtifactsSuperfetch—Much More

Look what gets loaded on boot.

Windows 7 ArtifactsSearch Index

C:\ProgramData\Microsoft\Search\Data\Applications\Windows• Windows Search index file=Windows.edb, an ESE database.• MSS*.logs are the database log files.

http://www.woany.co.uk/esedbviewer/

>C:\Windows\system32\esentutl.exe /r MSS /d.From the folder containing the Windows.edb and its log files.

• Generic will bring up all tables.• Desktop Search will bring up a select view.• AV can interfere will esentutl.exe and eseDbViewer.

SystemIndex_0A• Over 380 fields.

Match a ThumbnailCacheID from a Thumbnail Cache file to a ThumbnailCacheID in the Windows Search index to link a thumbnail to a file.

Windows 7 ArtifactsVolume Shadow Copy

• Volume shadow copies are bit level differential backups of a volume.– 16 KB blocks.

– Copy on write.

– Volume Shadow copy files are “difference” files.

• The shadow copy service is enabled by default on Vista and Windows 7, but not on Windows 2008 or 2008 R2.

• Shadow copies are the source data for Restore Points and the Restore Previous Versions features.

• Used in can backup operations.• Shadow copies provide a “snapshot” of a volume

at a particular time.• Shadow copies can show how files have been

altered.• Shadow copies can retain data that has later been

deleted, wiped, or encrypted.

Volume shadow copies do not contain a complete image of everything that was on the volume at the time the shadow copy was made.

The Volume Shadow Copy difference files are maintained in “\System Volume Information” along with other VSS data files, including a new registry hive.

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

92 3 5 7

• Copy on Write: Before a block is written to, it is saved to the difference file.

• When a Shadow Copy is read, the “volume” consists of the live, unchanged blocks, and the saved blocks from the difference file.

Volume at start of VSS snapshot.

Difference File

Shadow copy of Volume at T1

2 3 4 5 6 7 8T2

Volume at end of VSS snapshot.

Volume Shadow Copy

A Shadow copy includes portions of more than one difference file when those difference files contain original blocks from the time of that shadow copy’s creation or snapshot.• Here, there are three snapshots of the volume

over time, and each as a corresponding difference file.

• Difference file T2 includes changes since the first snapshot.

• Difference File T3, changes since the second snapshot.

• Difference File T4, changes since the third snapshot.

• All difference files contain one or more of the original blocks from the volume at T1.

• After the third snapshot, the shadow copy of the volume as it was on T1 would include data from each of the difference files in this example, as each contain one or more blocks of the volume as it was at T1.

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 3 7 9

92 3 5 7

73 4 5 6

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Shadow copy of Volume at T1

Difference Files

Volume at T1

vssadmin list shadows /for=[volume]:

Shadow copies can be exposed through symbolic links.

Mklink /d C:\{test-shadow} \\?\GLOBALROOT\Device\HarddiskVolumeShadowCopy3\

Volume Shadows can be mounted directly as network shares.

net share testshadow=\\.\HarddiskVolumeShadowCopy11\

>psexec \\[computername] vssadmin list shadows /for=C:

>psexec \\[computername] net share testshadow=\\.\HarddiskVolumeShadowCopy20\

PsExec v1.94 - Execute processes remotely

testshadow was shared successfully.

net exited on [computername] with error code 0.

>robocopy /S /R:1 /W:1 /LOG:D:\VSStestcopylog.txt \\[computername] \testshadow D:\vssTest

Log File : D:\VSStestcopylog.txt

• Other ways to call shadow copies:

– \\localhost\C$\Users\troyla\Downloads (Yesterday, July 20, 2009, 12:00 AM)

– \\localhost\C$\@GMT-2009.07.17-08.45.26\

• Mount all shadow copies as symbolic links:for /f "tokens=4" %f in ('vssadmin list shadows ^| findstr GLOBALROOT') do @for /f "tokens=4 delims=\" %g in ("%f") do @mklink /d %SYSTEMDRIVE%\%g %f\

C:\Users\Troyla\Desktop\fau-1.3.0.2390a\fau\FAU.x64>dd if=\\.\HarddiskVolumeShadowCopy11 of=E:\shadow11.dd –localwrt

The VistaFirewall Firewall is active with exceptions.

Copying \\.\HarddiskVolumeShadowCopy11 to E:\shadow11.ddOutput: E:\shadow11.dd136256155648 bytes129943+1 records in129943+1 records out136256155648 bytes written

Succeeded!

C:\Users\Troyla\Desktop\fau-1.3.0.2390a\fau\FAU.x64>

Shadow copies can be imaged.

Images of shadow copies can be opened in forensics tools and appear as logical volumes.

Data that has been deleted can be captured by shadow copies and available for retrieval in shadow copy images.

Every shadow copy data set should approximate the size of the original volume.

Amount of case data=(number of shadow copies) x (size of the volume)+(size of the volume).

10 shadow copies = 692 GB

You want More?

Questions?

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