Post on 03-May-2018
Why We Need to Preserve Soil and Water Resources Worldwide and How It Is Being Done
2011 ECHO Asia Agriculture and Community Development Conference Chiang Mai, October 3-6, 2011
Samran SombatpanitAdvisor, Past President and Membership Coordinator
World Association of Soil and Water Conservation (WASWAC)
WASWAC VisionA world in which all soil and water resources are used in a productive, sustainable and ecologically sound manner.
WASWAC MissionTo promote worldwide the application of wise soil and water management practices that will improve and safeguard the quality of land and water resources so that they continue to meet the needs of agriculture, society and nature.
Erosion – a major form of land degradation
PLUS SOME OTHER FACTORS
Rill erosion Rill erosion
Gully erosion Wind erosion
Upper left: Earliest documented debris flow in Thailand occurred on November22,1988 at Phipoon District, Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, S Thailand.
Upper right: A recent documented debris flow with huge stones at Khanom District, Nakhon Si Thammarat Province in S Thailand – November 4, 2010.
Lower: Most recent major landslide and debris flow occurred at Nam Pat District, Uttaradit Province on Sept 9, 2011, while flood occurred in scores of provinces.
DEBRIS FLOW
Basic principle of land/soil degradation
- Loss of soil material (sand, silt, clay, OM)
- Loss of plant nutrients
→ →
(Loss of fertile topsoil)
Topsoil
When eroded
When eroded further
Original non-eroded soil
Basic principle of soil conservation
Before After
“lower slope length, lower gradient”
Structural measures to conserve soil
Contour stone line - India
Contour stone line - Bolivia
Contour stone line - AfricaBench terrace made from stones - Africa
Bench terraces - Africa
Structural measures to conserve soil
Grass-lined bench terraces - Philippines
Rice terraces – Yunnan, ChinaRice terraces
Terraces for growing vegetables
Hillside ditch – construction by machine – N Thailand Hillside ditch – done by hand – N Thailand
Small field terraces on a steep area – N Thailand Stone check dam on a mountain - Morocco
Vegetative measures
Vetiver grass – N Thailand Vetiver grass – N Thailand
Leguminous cover crop, N Thailand Life fence - Africa
Vetiv
er S
yste
m (V
S)
Mixed Measures
Field terraces – N Thailand
Contour strip cropping – Iowa, USA
Wasting land for making bunds
In Fiji during 1950s
They started to dig a trench and put vetiver grass slips in
After a short time they obtained good/ effective vegetative lines for erosion control
Agronomic measures
Mulching - UgandaMulching
Thrash for water conservation - Africa Mulching in soybean field – S America
No tillage
No tillage in S America
Fragile soil after years of no tillage
Mulching in no-till fields
Management measures
Tramping of animals may cause erosion
An animal hoof can cause soil breakage
and loss Tramping of animals may cause erosion
Cut-and-carry practice
Fencing off to prevent animals from tramping the ground
Soil and Water Conservation in non-
agricultural areas
Penang, Malaysia Guangzhou, China
Guangzhou, China Hokkaido, Japan
New threat from climate change
Flood in the Philippines
Ice melting in GreenlandFlood in Jakarta,
Indonesia Flood in Pai, N Thailand
Snow on the top of Kilimanjaro is melting
February 2006
Landslide from Guinsaugon in Leyte, Philippines
Landslide from Guinsaugon in Leyte, Philippines
Debris flow covers a large area With > 1,000 deaths Sorrow of those who had lost loved ones
Mechanism of the debris flow
Left: A similar operation on the Moon River in Ubon Ratchathani Province to push water out to Mekong river. Hope there will be a concrete prove of the merit of this practice before its use will spread widely. (110925)
Upper: Eight 400-hp tugboats tied to the pillars of a bridge across Noi River in Ayudhya Province accelerate to speed up the flow of the river as part of an effect to relieve flooding. The boat operation is scheduled from 8 AM to midnight and has been found to speed up flows in the river by 20%. It costs 1,000 Baht (US$33)/boat/hr for fuel (128,000 Baht/day for the fuel alone). (110919)
Flood water drainage operation
EARTHQUAKES AND RESULTING TSUNAMIS
Indian Ocean – Dec 26, 2004
NE Japan – March 11, 2011
FOREST FIRE- an imminent threat
Forest burning
FOOD (IN)SECURITYWidespread hunger esp. in Africa is not due to insufficient
food production, but rather to the inefficient food distribution.
Scientists try to make the gapcloser.
Soil and water conservation is one efficient way to help make food security realized.
News from CNN on December 5, 2007
FOOD PRICES WILL JUMP IN THE FUTURE
Early works in soil and water conservation• Early research in soil conservation started in USA ~
1890s • Establishment of Soil Conservation Service of Iceland in
1907• Establishment of Soil Conservation Service (SCS) of
USA in 1935 and changed to Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) in 1990s
• To be followed with the establishment of the Soil Conservation Society of America (SCSA) in 1943, and later changed to Soil and Water Conservation Society (SWCS) in 1980s
YEAR 1983 – ISCO & WASWCJanuary 1983• International Soil Conservation Organization (ISCO)
was established in Hawaii, USA, with Dr. Samir El-Swaify, Founding President
• ISCO organizes conference every 2-3 years. The next time will be at Santiago, Chile from November 8-12, 2010
August 1983• World Association of Soil & Water Conservation
(WASWAC) was established in USA, with Bill Moldenhauer involving from the start
• Secretariat was at the Headquarters of the Soil & Water Conservation Society (SWCS), Iowa, USA until March 31, 2003 & it moved to Beijing, China
Present WASWAC Council & Officers (2011)Persons running WASWAC from the beginning include: Bill Moldenhauer, NormanHudson, Rattan Lal, Hans Hurni, David Sanders, Samran Sombatpanit and Miodrag Zlatic
• COUNCIL (30 Councilors)• Honorary President – Liu Zhen, China• President – Li Rui, China• Immediate Past President – Miodrag Zlatić, Serbia• Advisor – Samran Sombatpanit, Thailand• Deputy President – Chinapat Sukvibool, Thailand• Deputy President – James Owino, Kenya• Deputy President – William Critchley, Netherlands• Deputy President – Roberto Peiretti, Argentina• Secretary General – Ning Duihu, China• Treasurer – Liu Xiaoying, China• And other 20 councilors
• OFFICERS (to update)• Vice Presidents (~30)• Special Representatives (~5)• Editors (30) to change• Translators (24) to change
Societies/Associations that promote soil and water conservation
- Soil Conservation Society of America – SCSA (now Soil and Water Conservation Society - SWCS), Ankeny, Iowa, USA
- Chinese Society of Soil and Water Conservation (CSSWC - China)
- Chinese Soil and Water Conservation Society (CSWCS – Taiwan I.)
- Soil and Water Conservation Society of Thailand (SWCST)
- Soil and Water Conservation Society of Nepal (SOWCOS)
- Soil and Water Conservation Society of Uganda (SWCSU)
- Soil Conservation Society of India (SCSI)
- Indian Association of Soil and Water Conservationists (IASWC)
- European Society for Soil Conservation (ESSC)
- International Erosion Control Association (IECA)
- World Association of Soil and Water Conservation (WASWAC)
- And as part of soil science societies worldwide
SHARING INFORMATION gained from
research etc. through
EXTENSION
IMPLEMENTATION
Meetings Publications Training
MEETINGS - conference
- congress
- workshop
- symposium
- seminar
- consultation
Phonsawan, Xieng Khouang, Lao PDR Purwokerto, Indonesia
Yichang, China
Antananarivo, Madagascar
PUBLICATIONS - Journal
- Meeting proceedings
- Newsletter
- Bulletin
- Brochure/ pamphlet
- Report
- Book
…
ICIMOD Deputy Director General Dr. Madhav Karki highlighting importance of the training on low-cost soil and water conservation in ICIMOD’s new
strategy during opening remarks - March 31, 2008
TRAINING
Stages in the life of WASWAC1. Conceiving the idea (Conception) 1983-2001
2.Saving, house building and stabilizing 2001-2010
Including changing WASWC to WASWAC to improve publicity and membership expansion
3. Development 2011 -
Moving of WASWAC Secretariat from USA to China took place on April 1, 2003
Stage 1 Conception 1983-2001
- 4-page quarterly newsletter, printed and sent out ty post- Organizing important conferences a few times (1987, 1989, 1991, 1995)- Publishing a number of SWC books, mostly with SWCS- Being a forum for soil and water conservationists worldwide
Major Products, Services & Activities of WASWAC
Stage 2 Saving of association, house building and stabilizing 2001-2010
- WASWAC Newsletter (now changed to Bulletin) – in 9 languages, in digital format, sent out by e-mail - Monthly HOT NEWS & HOT NEWS extra- Special Publications – ~once a year- Websites, operated from Guangzhou/Beijing (China) &Tokyo (Japan): - Photo Websites, operated from Bangkok- Presenting various awards, e.g. Norman Hudson Memorial award- Coordinating LANDCON series of meetings, with use of Guidelines for Successful Meetings & provision of Cooperation Package- Organize/help organize meetings of interesting subjects- Forum for discussion, e.g. law & policy, climate change, monitoring and evaluation (M&E), no-till- Contacts among professionals in various countries through councilors, 70 WASWAC Vice Presidents, Special Representatives - Promotion of visits among academics of some countries- Promotion and assistance in building soil museums in various countries
Stage 3 Development (2011- )
???
WASWAC Publications
SP 1
SP 2
Recent WASWAC Publications
2004 20072008 2009
Sale < 1,000 copies Sale < 1,000 copies Sale ~9,700 copies Sale ~3,700 copies
SP 3 SP 4
A book on conservation agriculture produced from contributions from Cambodia conference, July 4-7, 2011
SP 5
Published December 2011
SP 6
Ready 2011
Next
SP6b Vegetable Agroforestry Systems in Indonesia
To finish in November 2011
SP6c Vegetable Agroforestry Systems in the Philippines
To finish in January 2012
SP6d Conclusion volume
To finish in February 2012, with a box
A set of 6 DVDs, containing 10,000 works from 30 years ago until now. Will be ready in December 2011. FREE. Handling and postal charge: US$15/set. One set will be sent at no cost to Honorary members, Life members and Organization members.
Next SP 7
GUIDELINES FOR SUCCESSFUL MEETINGS1. With strong intention to exchange knowledge – not to make money
2. Local academics-professionals and students should be recruited to assist in the organization of the meetings and related field tours.
3*. A reasonable registration fee should be levied to participants. A mid-meeting field tour and a cultural evening should be included in the registration fee to enhance more participation.
4. Field tours should deal directly with the subjects of the meeting and knowledgeable staff should be assigned to accompany tour groups.
5. Organizers must keep the interest of participants to attend all sessions and provide a chance for them to learn about culture, history and natural attractions.
6. Meeting program should be arranged in a cost-effective way so that participants will be given an array of choices of relevant activities to choose from.
7*. Themes/topics of the meeting should address current societal needs (e.g. poverty alleviation, climate change, energy-related issues).8*. Keynote speakers should come from a wide spectrum of professionals and a chance should be given to promising younger persons.9*. There should be a working group to document daily session outputs to prepare ‘meeting summary’ and, ‘conclusions and recommendations.’10. Proceedings (CD/ hardcopy) should be prepared and distributed either at the meeting or soon after. It is encouraged the Powerpoints from all presentations should be made as a CD or a flash drive, along with other digital material, to present to all participants at the end of the event.
Meetings that can pass at least 7 points of these 10 points (including those with *) are welcome to join as LANDCON meetings – with an assigned number and some support.
LANDCON
WASWAC Bulletin for 2010 For 2011
Quarterly WASWAC Newsletter was produced since 1983 when the association was established. The name was changed to WASWAC Bulletin from the year 2010 onward when the production base was established at the Punjab Agricultural University under the direction of the Editor-in-Chief Prof Surinder S. Kukal (right) of Department of Soil Science. The Bulletin appears three times a year. This is considered the flagship publication of the association from the beginning. Earlier, it was always edited by the President.
Monthly WASWAC Hot News was first produced in 2006 and has become useful in informing members what conferences will take place where and when. Apart from that, members will get to know about new publications, scholarships, awards, training courses, jobs, exhibitions, study tours – all concerning management and care of the natural resources. This publication is edited by Samran Sombatpanit, Karika Kunta and Tong Yuling. Karika Kunta will lead the editors team from Jan 2012, with one more assistant editor.
Karika Kunta
Samran Sombatpanit
Tong Yuling
SWAT has become an Associate Program with WASWAC from
August 15, 2011. In the picture, WASWAC was
cooperating in SWAT Training Workshop at Land
Development Department, Bangkok, Thailand, September
10-13, 2009
GUANGZHOU SWAT Regional Conference & Training Workshop July 24-30, 2011, with WASWAC as a co-organizer
July 25, 2011
Post conference excursion at Danxia Geological Park, N of Guangdong Prov. July 28-30, 2011
Opening
Promotion of visits among academics of some countries
Thai academics went to meet their counterparts in Vietnam, 2009
Thai academics assisted a soil museum project in Guangzhou, China, 2009/10
Thai academics went to meet their counterparts in Malaysia, 2010 - Mardi (above) & Universiti Putra Malaysia (below)
PROMOTION OF SOIL MUSEUMSConstructing soil museum is the best investment in terms of the study of soil science and the use of it for society and development.
Bangkok, ThailandGuangzhou, China
Hanoi, Vietnam
NTU, Taiwan IslandQuezon City, Philippines
Dongnai Prov. Vietnam
Wageningen, Netherlands
Hugh H. BennettB.B. Dokuchaev
Norman Hudson Memorial Award
Calvin Rose, Australia, 2004 Norman Hudson
1924-1996Rolf Derpsch,
Paraguay, 2005
John Greenfield, New Zealand,
2006
Hans Hurni, Switzerland, 2007
Michael Stocking, UK, 2008
Rattan Lal, USA, 2009
J.S. Bali, India, 2010
Distinguished Researcher Award
2006
2008
Distinguished Extensionist Award
2008
& WASWAC Asian Technical Award
Issued by WASWAC Japan
Tang Keli, China
R. Howeler, Netherlands; W. Watananonta, Thailand; Tran Ngoc Ngoan, Vietnam
Police Second Leutenant Wichai Surayuth
Editors ~30, to be revised
To be revised
To be revised
The WASWAC is determined to support all activities that have primary, secondary or tertiary purpose to conserve soil and water, including:
• No-till farming / Direct seeding, Mulch-based, Cropping system (DMC)
• Agroforestry• Landcare• Vetiver grass • Soil fertility improvement• SWAT – Soil and Water Assessment Tool• Wocat Programme
among others
Keywords of WASWAC• Volunteerism
• Use of the internet• Quality
• Innovation• Flexibility
• Affordability to all• Institutional support• Being transparent
W o r l d p e a c e
FUTURE OF WASWAC
Stage 3. Development
Loess Plateau in Shaanxi Province of China in 1980s
北京密云石匣小流域水土保持试验基地
The Experimental Station of Soil Conservation in Shixia Watershed, Miyun, Beijing
农民积极参与治理水土流失Farmer’s active participation in soil erosion control
Ankeny, Iowa, USA
Bangkok, Thailand
Beijing, China
1983-Mar 2003
Apr 2003-2010
International Research and Training Center on Erosion and Sedimentation - IRTCES
Initial agreement was made in August 2002 that China would host the secretariat of WASWAC. It, however, took some time to learn about the work and to find suitable agencies in China to handle it in various sections.
Move of WASWAC Secretariat from USA to China via Thailand
Ning Duihu, Kuang Shangfu and others shown at the top
Jiao Juren - Lu Shunguang - Li Rui - Shao Mingan - Li Dingqiang - Liu Zhen
Bill Moldenhauer, Maurice Cook, David Sanders, Samran Sombatpanit, Michael Zoebisch & John Laflen
2010-
Goodwill visits
Argentina 2004
Japan 2005
Nepal 2003
Lao PDR 2008 Malaysia 2009
Vietnam 2005
Switzerland2003
China 2004
Membership in WASWAC~5,000 members in 70 countries, comprising:
- Individual members Developing Country = US$20/ 5 yrs Developed Country & int’l organizations = US$40/ 5 yrs
- Life members ($80/ $160) (Senior persons – 60-year-old and up, $40/ $80)
- Organization members (from $100/ yr)- Organization subscribers (from $100/ yr)- Organization cooperators (free for 1-2 yrs)- Guest members (1 yr free for any world citizen)- Gift members ($5/ yr worldwide)
We welcome you all to join
WASWAC by contacting VPs, SRs,
Deputy President, Past Presidents and
President of WASWAC