1while Loop Lesson

CS1313 Spring 2014

while Loop Outline1. while Loop Outline2. while Loop Example #13. while Loop Example #24. while Loop Example #35. Repetition and Looping6. while Loop7. while Loop Behavior8. while Loop vs. if Block9. while Loop Flowchart10. while Loop Example #111. while Loop Example #212. while Loop Example #313. while Loop Example Flowchart14. Execute Body How Many Times?15. An Infinite Loop #116. An Infinite Loop #217. Aside: How to Kill a Program in Unix18. Kinds of Statements Inside while

Loop19. Statements Inside while Loop

20. No Declarations Inside while Loop21. Compound Statement a.k.a. Block #122. Compound Statement a.k.a. Block #223. Another while Loop Example #124. Another while Loop Example #225. Another while Loop Example #326. Another while Loop Example #427. Another while Loop Example #528. Yet Another while Loop Example #129. Yet Another while Loop Example #230. Yet Another while Loop Example #331. Yet Another while Loop Example #432. States & Traces #133. States & Traces #234. States & Traces #335. Tracing the Loop #136. Tracing the Loop #237. Tracing the Loop #338. Tracing the Loop #439. Tracing the Loop #5

2while Loop Lesson

CS1313 Spring 2014

while Loop Example #1#include <stdio.h>#include <stdlib.h>

int main (){ /* main */ const float minimum_power = 0; const int program_success_code = 0; const int program_failure_code = -1; float power_in_mechanical_horsepower;

3while Loop Lesson

CS1313 Spring 2014

while Loop Example #2 printf("What is the power "); printf("in mechanical horsepower?\n"); scanf("%f", &power_in_mechanical_horsepower); while (power_in_mechanical_horsepower < minimum_power) { printf("ERROR: you can't have a"); printf(" negative power!\n"); printf("So really, what is the power "); printf("in mechanical horsepower?\n"); scanf("%f", &power_in_mechanical_horsepower); } /* while (power_in_mechanical_horsepower < ...)

*/ printf("The power is valid.\n"); return program_success_code;} /* main */

4while Loop Lesson

CS1313 Spring 2014

while Loop Example #3% gcc -o conversions_idiot_while conversions_idiot_while.c% conversions_idiot_whileWhat is the power in mechanical horsepower?-5ERROR: you can't have a negative power!So really, what is the power in mechanical horsepower?-4ERROR: you can't have a negative power!So really, what is the power in mechanical horsepower?0The power is valid.

5while Loop Lesson

CS1313 Spring 2014

Repetition and Looping

Repetition means performing the same set of statements over and over.

The most common way to perform repetition is via looping.

A loop is a sequence of statements to be executed, in order, over and over, as long as some condition continues to be true.

6while Loop Lesson

CS1313 Spring 2014

while Loop

C has a loop construct known as a while loop: while (condition) { statement1; statement2; ... }The condition of a while loop is a Boolean expression

completely enclosed in parentheses – just like in an if block.

The sequence of statements between the while statement’s block open and block close is known as the loop body.

7while Loop Lesson

CS1313 Spring 2014

while Loop Behavior while (condition) { statement1; statement2; ... }A while loop has to the following behavior:1. The condition is evaluated, resulting in a value of either true (1)

or false (0).2. If the condition evaluates to false (0), then the statements inside

the loop body are skipped, and control is passed to the statement that is immediately after the while loop’s block close.

3. If the condition evaluates to true (1), then:a. the statements inside the loop body are executed in sequence.b. When the while loop’s block close is encountered, the

program jumps back up to the associated while statement and starts over with Step 1.

8while Loop Lesson

CS1313 Spring 2014

while Loop vs. if Block

A while loop is SIMILAR to an if block, EXCEPT: UNLIKE an if block, the keyword is while. UNLIKE an if block, when a while loop gets to its

block close, it jumps back up to the associated while statement;

UNLIKE an if block, a while loop has EXACTLY ONE clause, which is analogous to the if clause. A while loop CANNOT have anything analogous to an else if clause nor to an else clause.

9while Loop Lesson

CS1313 Spring 2014

while Loop Flowchart

statement_before;while (condition) { statement_inside1; statement_inside2; ...}statement_after;

10while Loop Lesson

CS1313 Spring 2014

while Loop Example #1#include <stdio.h>#include <stdlib.h>

int main (){ /* main */ const float minimum_power = 0; const int program_success_code = 0; const int program_failure_code = -1; float power_in_mechanical_horsepower;

11while Loop Lesson

CS1313 Spring 2014

while Loop Example #2 printf("What is the power "); printf("in mechanical horsepower?\n"); scanf("%f", &power_in_mechanical_horsepower); while (power_in_mechanical_horsepower < minimum_power) { printf("ERROR: you can't have a"); printf(" negative power!\n"); printf("So really, what is the power "); printf("in mechanical horsepower?\n"); scanf("%f", &power_in_mechanical_horsepower); } /* while (power_in_mechanical_horsepower < ...)

*/ printf("The power is valid.\n"); return program_success_code;} /* main */

12while Loop Lesson

CS1313 Spring 2014

while Loop Example #3% gcc -o conversions_idiot_while conversions_idiot_while.c% conversions_idiot_whileWhat is the power in mechanical horsepower?-5ERROR: you can't have a negative power!So really, what is the power in mechanical horsepower?-4ERROR: you can't have a negative power!So really, what is the power in mechanical horsepower?0The power is valid.

13while Loop Lesson

CS1313 Spring 2014

while Loop Example Flowchart

printf("What is the power ");printf("in mechanical horsepower?\n");scanf("%f", &power_in_mechanical_horsepower);while (power_in_mechanical_horsepower < minimum_power) { printf("ERROR: you can't have a"); printf(" negative power!\n"); printf("So really, what is the power "); printf("in mechanical horsepower?\n"); scanf("%f", &power_in_mechanical_horsepower);} /* while (power_in_mechanical_horsepower < ...) */printf("The power is valid.\n");

power < 0

Prompt for power.

Input power.

Input power again.

14while Loop Lesson

CS1313 Spring 2014

Execute Body How Many Times?

while (condition) { statement1; statement2; ... }If the condition evaluates to false (0), then the loop body will

not be executed at all (that is, zero times).

If the condition evaluates to true (1), then the loop body may be executed at least one more time.

15while Loop Lesson

CS1313 Spring 2014

An Infinite Loop #1

An infinite loop is a loop whose condition never evaluates to false.

#include <stdio.h>

int main (){ /* main */ const int computers_number = 5; const int program_success_code = 0; int users_number;

printf("Enter an integer:\n"); scanf("%d", &users_number); printf("I had %d.\n", computers_number); while (users_number < computers_number) { printf("Your number is less than mine!\n"); } /* while (users_number < computers_number) */ return program_success_code;} /* main */

16while Loop Lesson

CS1313 Spring 2014

An Infinite Loop #2% gcc -o infiniteloop infiniteloop.c% infiniteloopEnter an integer:6I had 5.% infiniteloopEnter an integer:5I had 5.% infiniteloopEnter an integer:4I had 5.Your number is less than mine!Your number is less than mine!Your number is less than mine!Your number is less than mine!Your number is less than mine!Your number is less than mine!Your number is less than mine!Your number is less than mine!...

17while Loop Lesson

CS1313 Spring 2014

Aside: How to Kill a Program in Unix

On most Unix systems, including ssh.ou.edu, you can quit out of a program that is currently executing by typing:

Ctrl C-

18while Loop Lesson

CS1313 Spring 2014

Kinds of Statements Inside while Loop

Between the while statement’s block open and its associated block close, there can be any kind of executable statements, and any number of them.

For example: printf statements; scanf statements; assignment statements; if blocks; while loops.

There are several other kinds of executable statements that can occur inside a while loop, some of which we’ll learn later in the semester.

19while Loop Lesson

CS1313 Spring 2014

Statements Inside while Loop

In the event that the while condition evaluates to true (1), then the statements inside the while loop body will be executed one by one, in the order in which they appear in the while loop.

20while Loop Lesson

CS1313 Spring 2014

No Declarations Inside while Loop

Notice that a while loop SHOULDN’T contain declaration statements, because the while statement is an executable statement, and ALL declarations MUST come before ANY executable statements.

21while Loop Lesson

CS1313 Spring 2014

Compound Statement a.k.a. Block #1

A compound statement is a sequence of statements, with a well-defined beginning and a well-defined end, to be executed, in order, under certain circumstances.

A while loop is a compound statement, just like an if block. We’ll see others later.

Although a while loop is actually a sequence of statements, we can treat it as a single “super” statement in some contexts.

Compound statements are also known as blocks.

22while Loop Lesson

CS1313 Spring 2014

Compound Statement a.k.a. Block #2

In C, a compound statement, also known as a block, is delimited by curly braces.

That is, a compound statement/block begins with a block open

{and ends with a block close

}

23while Loop Lesson

CS1313 Spring 2014

Another while Loop Example #1#include <stdio.h>

int main (){ /* main */ const int minimum_number = 1; const int maximum_number = 100; const int my_number = 32; const int close_distance = 5; const int very_close_distance = 1; const int negative_distance = -1; const int no_distance = 0; const int program_success_code = 0; int your_number, your_distance; int your_last_distance = negative_distance; char correct_number_hasnt_been_input = 1;

24while Loop Lesson

CS1313 Spring 2014

Another while Loop Example #2 printf("I’m thinking of a number between %d and %d.\n", minimum_number, maximum_number); while (correct_number_hasnt_been_input) { printf("What number am I thinking of?\n"); scanf("%d", &your_number); if ((your_number < minimum_number) || (your_number > maximum_number)) { printf("Hey! That’s not between %d and %d!\n", minimum_number, maximum_number); printf("I’ll pretend you didn’t say that.\n"); } /* if ((your_number < minimum_number) || ...) */ else if (your_number == my_number) { printf("That’s amazing!\n"); correct_number_hasnt_been_input = 0; } /* if (your_number == my_number) */

25while Loop Lesson

CS1313 Spring 2014

Another while Loop Example #3 else { your_distance = abs(your_number - my_number); if (your_distance == very_close_distance) { printf("You’re incredibly hot!\n"); } /* if (your_distance == very_close_distance) */ else if (your_last_distance < no_distance) { printf("Not bad for your first try.\n"); } /* if (your_last_distance < no_distance) */ else if (your_distance < your_last_distance) { printf("You’re getting warmer ....\n"); } /* if (your_distance < your_last_distance) */ else if (your_distance > your_last_distance) { printf("Ouch! You’re getting colder.\n"); } /* if (your_distance > your_last_distance) */ else { printf("Uh oh. You made no progress.\n"); } /* if (your_distance > ...)...else */ your_last_distance = your_distance; } /* if (your_number == my_number)...else */ } /* while (correct_number_hasnt_been_input) */ printf("Good for you!\n"); return program_success_code;} /* main */

26while Loop Lesson

CS1313 Spring 2014

Another while Loop Example #4% gcc -o warmercolder warmercolder.c% warmercolderI’m thinking of a number between 1 and 100.What number am I thinking of?0Hey! That’s not between 1 and 100!I’ll pretend you didn’t say that.What number am I thinking of?101Hey! That’s not between 1 and 100!I’ll pretend you didn’t say that.What number am I thinking of?50Not bad for your first try.What number am I thinking of?40You’re getting warmer ....What number am I thinking of?60Ouch! You’re getting colder.

27while Loop Lesson

CS1313 Spring 2014

Another while Loop Example #5What number am I thinking of?30You’re getting warmer ....What number am I thinking of?35Ouch! You’re getting colder.What number am I thinking of?33You’re incredibly hot!What number am I thinking of?31You’re incredibly hot!What number am I thinking of?32That’s amazing!Good for you!

28while Loop Lesson

CS1313 Spring 2014

Yet Another while Loop Example #1#include <stdio.h>#include <stdlib.h>int main (){ /* main */ const int initial_sum = 0; const int increment = 1; const int program_success_code = 0; const int program_failure_code = -1; int initial_value, final_value; int count; int sum;

29while Loop Lesson

CS1313 Spring 2014

Yet Another while Loop Example #2 printf("What value would you like to "); printf("start counting at?\n"); scanf("%d", &initial_value); printf("What value would you like to "); printf("stop counting at,\n"); printf(" which must be greater than "); printf("or equal to %d?\n", initial_value); scanf("%d", &final_value); if (final_value < initial_value) { printf("ERROR: the final value %d is less\n", final_value); printf(" than the initial value %d.\n", initial_value); exit(program_failure_code); } /* if (final_value < initial_value) */

30while Loop Lesson

CS1313 Spring 2014

Yet Another while Loop Example #3 sum = initial_sum; count = initial_value; while (count <= final_value) { sum = sum + count; count = count + increment; } /* while (count <= final_value) */ printf("The sum of the integers from"); printf(" %d through %d is %d.\n", initial_value, final_value, sum); return program_success_code;} /* main */

31while Loop Lesson

CS1313 Spring 2014

Yet Another while Loop Example #4% gcc -o whilecount whilecount.c% whilecountWhat value would you like to start counting at?1What value would you like to stop counting at, which must be greater than or equal to 1?0ERROR: the final value 0 is less than the initial value 1.% whilecountWhat value would you like to start counting at?1What value would you like to stop counting at,which must be greater than or equal to 1?5The sum of the integers from 1 through 5 is 15.

32while Loop Lesson

CS1313 Spring 2014

States & Traces #1

The state of a program is the set of values of all of its variables at a given moment during execution; that is, it’s a snapshot of the memory that’s being used.

The state also includes information about where you are in the program when that snapshot is taken.

A trace of a program is a listing of the state of the program after each statement is executed.

Tracing helps us to examine the behavior of a piece of code, and so it sometimes can be useful in debugging.

33while Loop Lesson

CS1313 Spring 2014

States & Traces #2

Suppose that, in the previous example program, the user input 1 for initial_value and 5 for final_value.

Let’s examine the program fragment around the loop. sum = initial_sum; count = initial_value; while (count <= final_value) { sum = sum + count; count = count + increment; } /* while (count <= final_value) */

34while Loop Lesson

CS1313 Spring 2014

States & Traces #3

sum = initial_sum; count = initial_value; while (count <= final_value) { sum = sum + count; count = count + increment; } /* while (count <= final_value) */If we number these statements, we get:

1 sum = initial_sum;2 count = initial_value;3 while (count <= final_value) {4 sum = sum + count;5 count = count + increment;6 } /* while (count <= final_value) */

35while Loop Lesson

CS1313 Spring 2014

Tracing the Loop #11 sum = initial_sum;2 count = initial_value;3 while (count <= final_value) {4 sum = sum + count;5 count = count + increment;6 } /* while (count <= final_value) */

Snapshot of Trace Comments

Itera-tion #

After stmt #

Value of sum

Value of count

N/A 1 0 garbage Haven’t entered loop yet

N/A 2 0 1 Haven’t entered loop yet

1 3 0 1 Condition evaluates to true (1)

1 4 1 1 new sum = old sum + count = 0 + 1 = 1

1 5 1 2 new count = old count + 1 = 1 + 1 = 2

1 6 1 2 Jump back up to stmt #3 to start iteration #2

36while Loop Lesson

CS1313 Spring 2014

Tracing the Loop #21 sum = initial_sum;2 count = initial_value;3 while (count <= final_value) {4 sum = sum + count;5 count = count + increment;6 } /* while (count <= final_value) */

Snapshot of Trace Comments

Itera-tion #

After stmt #

Value of sum

Value of count

2 3 1 2 Condition evaluates to true (1)

2 4 3 2 new sum = old sum + count = 1 + 2 = 3

2 5 3 3 new count = old count + 1 = 2 + 1 = 3

2 6 3 3 Jump back up to stmt #3 to start iteration #3

37while Loop Lesson

CS1313 Spring 2014

Tracing the Loop #31 sum = initial_sum;2 count = initial_value;3 while (count <= final_value) {4 sum = sum + count;5 count = count + increment;6 } /* while (count <= final_value) */

Snapshot of Trace Comments

Itera-tion #

After stmt #

Value of sum

Value of count

3 3 3 3 Condition evaluates to true (1)

3 4 6 3 new sum = old sum + count = 3 + 3 = 6

3 5 6 4 new count = old count + 1 = 3 + 1 = 3

3 6 6 4 Jump back up to stmt #3 to start iteration #4

38while Loop Lesson

CS1313 Spring 2014

Tracing the Loop #41 sum = initial_sum;2 count = initial_value;3 while (count <= final_value) {4 sum = sum + count;5 count = count + increment;6 } /* while (count <= final_value) */

Snapshot of Trace Comments

Itera-tion #

After stmt #

Value of sum

Value of count

4 3 6 4 Condition evaluates to true (1)

4 4 10 4 new sum = old sum + count = 6 + 4 = 10

4 5 10 5 new count = old count + 1 = 4 + 1 = 5

4 6 10 5 Jump back up to stmt #3 to start iteration #5

39while Loop Lesson

CS1313 Spring 2014

Tracing the Loop #51 sum = initial_sum;2 count = initial_value;3 while (count <= final_value) {4 sum = sum + count;5 count = count + increment;6 } /* while (count <= final_value) */

Snapshot of Trace Comments

Itera-tion #

After stmt #

Value of sum

Value of count

5 3 10 5 Condition evaluates to true (1)

5 4 15 5 new sum = old sum + count = 10 + 5 = 15

5 5 15 6 new count = old count + 1 = 5 + 1 = 6

5 6 15 6 Jump back up to stmt #3 to start iteration #6

5 6 15 6 Condition evaluates to false (0), loop exited