Post on 04-Apr-2018
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WHAT WE KNOW ABOUT
WORK, WORKING, ANDWORKER
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Man is not truly
defined as the
toolmaker, but
making tools, thesystematic,
purposeful, and
organized approach
to work, is specific
and unique in
human activity.
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The worker has
been given less
attention.
And the knowledge
worker has receivedso far almost none
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FREDRICK W. TAYLOR
Was the first person
in recorded history
who deemed work
deserving ofsystematic
observation and study
Taylors scientificmanagement has
lifted the working
masses in the
developed countries
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DURING WORLD WAR I
He studied aptitudes, that is, the relationship
between the demands of specific
Manualwork
Motor
coordination
PhysicalSkill
Reactions
of individualworker
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ELTON MAYO
Developed
human
relations,that is, the
study of the
relationship
between
people
workingtogether.
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THE TOTALITY OF
Worker and Working
Task and Job
Perception and Personality
Work community, Rewards and Power
Relations.
HAS RECEIVED PRACTICALLY NO
ATTENTION
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The Manager cannot wait till the scientists and
scholars have done their work.
The Manager has to try to make work
productive and the worker achieving.
It might, therefore be appropriate to put down
what we know about work and working.
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ANALYSIS, SYNTHESIS, AND
CONTROL
The most important thing we know is that work
and working are fundamentally different
phenomena.
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But what is needed to makework productive is quitedifferent from what is needed
to make the worker achieving.
The worker must, therefore,be managed according toboth the logic of the work andthe dynamics of working.
Personal satisfaction of theworker without productivework is failure.
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WHAT IS WORK
Work is impersonaland objective.
Work is a task.
It is a something.
Work has logic.
It requires analysis,synthesis, andcontrol.
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The first step toward understanding work is to
analyze it.
Taylor realised a century ago, means
identifying the basic operations, analyzing
each of them, and arranging them in logical,
balanced, and rational sequence.
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PRINCIPLES OF
PRODUCTION
Put together
individual operations
into individual jobs,
and individual jobs
into production.
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GANTT CHART (1861-1919)
Gantt Chart tells us very little about the logic
that is appropriate to given kinds of processes.
The output of the knowledge worker always
becomes somebody elses input
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Working has at least
five dimensions.
In all of them the
worker has to be
achieving in order tobe productive.
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Physiological Dimension
The human being is not a machine and does
not work like a machine.
Machines work best if they do only one task.
Complex tasks are done best as a step-by-
step series of simple tasks in which the workshifts from machine to machine
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The human being isengineered quitedifferently.
They lack strength.
They lack stamina
Altogether the humanbeing is a very poorlydesigned machinetool.
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Machines work best if run at the same speed,
the same rhythm, and with a minimum of
moving parts
There is no one right speed and n one right
rhythm for human beings.
Speed, rhythm, and attention span vary greatly
among individuals
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Psychological Dimension
Work is both a burden and a
need, both a curse and ablessing.
Work is an extension ofpersonality.
It is one of the ways in whicha person defines himself orherself, measures his or herworth and humanity.
Work as Curse and Blessing
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Psychological Dimension
It largely determines status.
Work has been the means to satisfy our need
for belonging to a group and for a meaningful
relationship to others.
Work as Social and Community Bond
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Work is for most people the onebond outside
of their own narrow family.
The work place becomes their community,their social club, their means of escaping
loneliness, with their husbands at their own
jobs and the children gone.
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Economic Dimension
The moment people cease to be self-sufficient
and begin to exchange the fruits of their
labour,
Work creates an economic bond that connectsthem, but also an economic conflict
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There is no resolution tothis conflict.
One has to live with it.
The workers needs morethan anyone else, to beprotected against the riskof uncertainty.
The worker, more thananyone else, needs thejobs of tomorrow.
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WORK AS LIVING AND WORK AS
WAGE
There is even more fundamental conflict
between wage as living and wage as cost.
As living, wage needs to be predictable,
continuous, and adequate to the expenditures
of a family, its aspirations, and its position insociety and community..
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As costs, wage needs to be appropriate to
the productivity of a given employment or
industry.
America has socialized ownership without
nationalizing it.
This has by no means resolved or even
lessened the conflict between wage fund and
capital fund & between wage as living andwa e as cost.
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Power Dimension of Working &
Economics
People are promotedor not promoted.
Authority is anessential dimensionof work.
Power relationshipswhich may affecteverybody directly &in his or her capacityas a worker
A need for authoritywith respect toeconomic shares.
There has to be aredistribution and anauthority to make theredistribution
decisions.
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THE FALLACY OF THE
DOMINANT DIMENSION
Each dimension of working are separate.
Each should be analyzed separately and
independently.
But they always exist together in the workers
relationship to work and job, fellow workersand management.
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Marx and most other economists saw the
economic dimension as dominating everything
else.
Elton Mayo to give other radically different
example, saw the dominant dimension as the
interpersonal relations within the work groupi.e in psychological & social aspects
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Abraham H. Maslow
Showed the humanwants in a form of ahierarchy.
Maslow put economicwant at the bottom andthe need for self-fulfillment at the top.
What Maslow did notsee is that a wantchanges in the act ofbeing satisfied.
HERZBERGS 2 FACTOR
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HERZBERGS 2 FACTOR
THEORY
In Herzbergs words,economic rewards
cease to be incentivesand become hygienefactors.
If not properly takencare of i.e, if there isdissatisfaction with theeconomic rewards, theybecome deterrents.
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Nevertheless, managers have to manage now.
They have to understand what the demands
are.
They will have to develop new approaches,new principles, and new methods and fast.
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MEGHA
THAKKAR