What is “OBD”, What is “OBD”, anyway?anyway?

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OBD OverviewOBD stands for “On-Board Diagnostics.”Computer-based system designed to control emissionsProvides early warning through MIL (Malfunction Indicator Light).

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OBD Overview

OBD system

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History of OBDFirst introduced in 1981 by GMBecame requirement in CA in 1988Shortcomings of OBD-I

Only a few parameters are monitoredVague standards resulted in many different implementations (ALDL, GMLAN, several versions of ISO9141, etc.) Communication protocol information is proprietary

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History of OBDOBD-II: OBD, second generationIntroduced in 1994Required on all MY1996+ vehiclesMore sophisticated – monitors many different engine parametersStandards are available from SAE and ISOAccepted spellings: OBDII, OBD-II, OBD-2Often misspelled as “ODB” (yuk!)

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History of OBDOBD timeline (United States)

1981 1996

OBD-I

OBD-II

1994

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OBD-IIOBD-II Compliance (US only)

All 1996+ cars and light trucks (<8,500 lbs)All 2004+ medium duty vehicles (<14,000 lbs)Some 1994 and 1995 models with this sticker:

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OBD-IIOBD-II Compliance outside the USA

A growing number of countries have adopted OBD legislation (JOBD, EOBD, etc)Varies greatly from country to countryLags behind the USGenerally more complicated than US legislation

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OBD-IIJust five protocols are allowed:

SAE J1850 VPW (GM) SAE J1850 PWM (Ford) ISO9141-2 (imports, Chrysler)ISO14230-4 (Keyword Protocol 2000, 1998+) ISO15765-4 (CAN, introduced in 2004)

Starting with MY2008, all vehicles sold in the US are required to be equipped with ISO15765-4 (CAN)

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OBD-IIWhy CAN?

Flexible, proven protocolExcellent noise immunityFast!

CAN

VPW, ISO, KWP

PWM

CAN

10 kbps

41 kbps

500 kbps

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OBD-IIOBD protocols timeline

1994 2008

J1850 VPW

1998

ISO9141-2J1850 PWM

KWP2000CAN

2004 2010+

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OBD-IIIOBD-2 plus wireless; information wirelessly uploaded to DMV serversCan be done over cellular/satellite, DSRC, Bluetooth, WiFi (still being defined)Benefits:

Reduces emissions/catches problems earlySaves time and money

Drawbacks:Privacy concernsUpfront cost

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OBD-IIIIs it a good idea?Doesn’t matter – it is already happening.FCC allocated 75 Mhz in the 5.9 Ghz band for vehicle communicationsGM’s OnStar system can be programmed to report OBD I/M data

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OBD-IIIImplementation underway in the following states:

California (Continuous Testing Program)Nevada (pilot program, 110 vehicles)Oregon (5000 units, 2 of 15 antennas set up)Wisconsin (pilot program)Illinois (pilot program)Utah (proof of concept testing)

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OBD ApplicationsDiagnosticsRepair verification

Photo courtesy ASE

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OBD ApplicationsPerformance tuning

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OBD ApplicationsDigital dashboards

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OBD ApplicationsFleet Management System

Access diagnostic info & real-time statistics:• Engine idle time• Miles traveled• Max RPM• Trouble codes• Etc

Diagnostic connector can beused to provide power toon-board computer

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OBD ApplicationsSanctioned product plug

microOBD• “OBD in a can”• Tiny: 25x50 mm (1x2 in)• 0.1” single row header• Supports all OBD protocols• Can interface directly with

host micro• ELM327 compatible command set• Firmware upgradeable via bootloader

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Data loggingRecord engine parameters for later playbackCapture intermittent events

OBD Applications

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Pass-Thru Programming (SAE J2534)

OBD Applications

Internet connection(DSL, cable, dialup, etc)

OBD cablePC connection

Serial, USB, WiFi,Bluetooth

Internet connectionDSL, Cable, dialup…

Auto Manufacturers

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ECU HackingPacket sniffingReflashingRemote control

OBD Applications

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OBD scan toolDevice used to retrieve information from the on-board diagnostic system

Types of scan toolsStand alonePC based

Getting at the Data

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Stand-alone scan toolsAdvantages:

• Do not require a PCDisadvantages:

• Minimalistic interface• Fixed software• Higher end units

very expensive

Getting at the Data

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Getting at the DataPC-based scan tools

Advantages:• Harnesses the power and economy of

scale of modern PCs • Large, easy-to-read screen• Unlimited storage for data logging

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PC-based scan toolsAdvantages (continued):

• Wide selection of diagnostic software that can be easily updated

• Remote data acquisition• Fraction of the cost of comparable

stand-alone scan tools

Getting at the Data

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Which scan tool is right for me?–

Depends on intended use

Code scanning: cheap code readerCasual user/do it yourself mechanic: PC-based scan tool with basic (free/inexpensive) software Professional mechanic: high-end stand-alone scan tool ($$$) or a PC-based scan tool with enhanced diagnostic software (less $)CarPC enthusiast: PC-based scan tool (USB or Bluetooth)

Getting at the Data

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What should I look for in a scan tool?–

Questions to ask:

Is it compatible with my vehicle?What software is available?Which parameters are supported? (Modes 1 thru A are generic OBD) Does it support manufacturer-specific parameters?Is the software/hardware upgradeable?What connection options are available?

Getting at the Data

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OBD-IIIIntegration of OBD with inter-vehicle communication services

Emergency warning systemCollision avoidanceCooperative daptive cruise controletc

The Future

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Wireless firmware updates

The Future

“Ejection seat bugfix is available. Install update (Y/N)?”

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DTCSearch.com – search engine for diagnostic trouble codes.

http://www.dtcsearch.com

International Standards Organizationhttp://www.iso.org

MP3Car.comhttp://www.mp3car.com

ScanTool.net, LLC websitehttp://www.scantool.net

Society of Automotive Engineershttp://www.sae.org

Resources

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ReferencesCalifornia Air Resource Board’s OBD Programhttp://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/obdprog/obdprog.htm

Environmental Protection Agency: OBD homehttp://www.epa.gov/otaq/regs/im/obd/index.htm

Equipment and Tool Institutewww.etools.org

National Automotive Service Task Forcewww.nastf.org

National OBD Clearinghousewww.OBDclearinghouse.com

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Contact

Vitaliy MaksimovScanTool.net, LLC

vitaliy@scantool.net or engineering@scantool.net