Transcript of What comparison are they making about Obama and Why? Do you feel confident in the new leadership?
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- What comparison are they making about Obama and Why? Do you
feel confident in the new leadership?
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- What challenges does President Elect Obama face that are
similar to FDR?
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- PROMPT How did the New Deal Respond to the problems of the
depression and change the role of the federal government?
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- Prompt What is the goal of Social Security? Should it
continue?
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- PROMPT What New Deal legislation do you feel was the most
important and why?
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- What comparison are they making about Obama and Why? Is it a
positive one or negative?
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- Franklin D. Roosevelt New Deal Election of 1932 New President
New Ideas
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- Franklin D. Roosevelt PHASE ONE First 100 days Depression hit
hard
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- Franklin D. Roosevelt March 1933 and June 1933 Legislation 3
basic categories of Legislation
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- Relief Reform Recovery
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- Franklin D. Roosevelt First 100 days Banking Holiday for 1 week
Encourage people to use banks
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- Franklin D. Roosevelt First order of business Bank holiday
closed all banks Federal inspectors examined all banks
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- Franklin D. Roosevelt Glass-Stegal banking act Established
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) Insured accounts up to
2,500 dollars
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- Franklin D. Roosevelt Those deemed solvent reopened Two thirds
reopened Restored confidence in banking industry
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- Prohibition Repealed
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- FIRESIDE CHATS
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- Relief Programs Civilian Conservation Corp Federal Emergency
Relief Act Civil Works Administration
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- Relief Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) 1933 put young men to
work
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- Ages between 18-28 Forest and parks Popular of all New Deal
Temporary employment about 1 year Lasted until 1934
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- Relief Federal Emergency Relief Act (FERA) Loans to states to
create programs to reduce unemployment
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- 2. Federal Emergency & Relief Administration (FERA): direct
relief ($, clothes) to people FERA distributes clothing in
Tennessee
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- RELIEF Civil Works Administration (CWA) was only a year
Temporary program Get people back to work Winter 1934 Paid high
wages
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- The CWA's four million workers laid 12 million feet of sewer
pipe and built or improved 255,000 miles of roads, 40,000 schools,
3,700 playgrounds, and nearly 1,000 airports (not to mention
250,000 outhouses still badly needed in rural America
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- Relief Created Public Works Administration (PWA) Building
projects including dams and buildings Not as successful business
did not trust government
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- National Industrial Recovery Act in June 1933 established the
PWA The PWA spent over $6 billion
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- PWA Between July 1933 and March 1939 the PWA funded and
administered the construction of more than 34,000 projects
including airports, large electricity- generating dams, major
warships for the Navy, and bridges, as well as 70% of the new
schools and one-third of the hospitals built between 19331939.
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- Lasting PWA projects Camp David
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- Doubleday Field
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- Dealey Plaza
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- FCA Farm Credit Association : Helped 40% of farms that were
mortgaged by providing low interest loans through a Federal Land
Bank for 50 year terms
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- RECOVERY WPA NIRA AAA FHA
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- Federal Housing Authority FHA Home loans at discounted rates
Increased home ownership to low and middle class
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- 3. Works Progress Administration (WPA): gave jobs building
public buildings and roads also hired artists & writers WPA
workers creating a flood Control dike in Arkansas
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- Works Project Administration Worked on smaller projects than
the PWA Hired unskilled labor and those on relief Built things like
sewers, city halls etc.
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- 3. Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) farmers paid to NOT grow
crops Texas farmers receive AAA check
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- Increase farm income by reducing crop growing Paid farmers not
to grow crops Tax on food processors paid the shortfall
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- By 1935 farm income raised by 50 percent However some small and
tenant farmers were forced off land
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- Recovery National Recovery Act (NRA) codes of fair competition
Minimum wage(30 -40 cents) Maximum hours(35-40) Price fixing
controls Collective bargining
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- Wagner Act 1935, National Labor Relations Act, called the
Wagner Act, legalized collective bargaining and closed shops.
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- 2. National Recovery Administration (NRA): set industry codes
for production, wages, prices & working conditions
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- NRA collapsed before it was deemed unconstitutional by Supreme
Court
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- NEW Deal FDR appoints 1 st woman: Francis Perkins For Secretary
of State Appointed African Americans to posts Eleanor protested Jim
Crow Laws
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- Critics Early on New Deal agencies were giving increasing power
to the federal government. The Supreme Court declared the NIRA
unconstitutional because it gave the President more local control
Struck down the tax that funded AAA
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- Second New Deal The Second New Deal included more social
welfare benefits, stricter controls over business, stronger support
for unions, and higher taxes on the rich. New agencies attacked
unemployment. The Works Progress Administration (WPA) employed more
than 8 million workers
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- FSA The Resettlement Administration and later the Farm Security
Administration (FSA) helped migrant farmers, sharecroppers, and
tenant farmers who were ignored by the AAA.
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- REA The New Deal also brought electricity to rural America. The
Rural Electrification Administration (REA) offered loans to
electric companies and farm cooperatives for building power plants
and extending power lines.
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- Reform TVA:Tennessee Valley Authority Social Security NHA FDIC
SEC
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- Stabilizing financial institutions FDR wanted to restore public
confidence in the nations banks. Congress passed the Emergency
Banking Act, which authorized the government to inspect the
financial health of all banks. Congress also passed the
Glass-Steagall Banking Act of 1933. This act established a Federal
Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) to insure bank deposits.
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- 1. Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. (FDIC) insured savings
accounts in govt approved banks Logo banks display today for FDIC
today
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- TVA Today, the TVA ranks as America's largest public power
company, with a generating capacity of 31,658 megawatts. The TVA
has become a major recreation provider as well
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- 1. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA): helped the valley by
controlling floods and providing electricity
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- Rural area void of electricity Series of dams and locks Made
river navigable Generated electricity for entire rural region
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- Greatly improved standard of living Conflict between large
utilities and government
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- Second Term? What were some of the shortcomings and limits of
the New Deal? What were the chief complaints of FDRs critics inside
and outside of politics? How did the court-packing fiasco harm FDRs
reputation?
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- Critics The Fair Labor Standards Act covered fewer than one
quarter of all gainfully employed workers. It set the minimum wage
at 25 cents an hour, which was below what most workers already
made.
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- Critics FDR also refused to support a bill to make lynching a
federal crime because he feared that his support of the bill would
cause southern Congressmen to block all of his other programs.
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- Many federal relief programs in the South reinforced racial
segregation and because the Social Security Act excluded farmers
and domestic workers, it failed to cover nearly two thirds of
working African Americans.
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- Critics Debate about the New Deal continues today. Critics
believe that the programs violated the free market system.
Supporters believe that providing relief to the poor and unemployed
was worth the compromise.
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- FDRs Greatest Mistake Packing the Supreme Court What? Why?
Increase the # of Supreme Court justices from 9 to 15 Kept
declaring his programs unconstitutional (including NRA, AAA, SEC,
etc.)
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- His Greatest Mistake Packing the Supreme Court Results ? Public
grew angry (FDR taking too much power) FDR passed much less
legislation after this Supreme Court Exterior
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- Other Critics Father Charles Coughlin Radio Priest radio show
reaching 10 million Originally supported FDR and New Deal 1934 -
National Union for Social Justice
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- Called FDR Franklin Double Crossing Roosevelt and a betrayer
and liar Coughlins ideas were reckless 1942 ordered by Catholic
Church to stop broadcasting show.
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- More Critics Huey Long US Senator from Louisiana Redistribution
of Wealth Only could make up to 1 million dollars ..
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- HUEY LONG The rest would be collected by government and
redistributed to give every American family a minimum household
estate of $5000 dollars and minimum income of $2500 dollars. Also
called for: Shorter working hours, more vet benefits, education
payments and pensions for elderly.
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- More Critics Dr. Francis Townsend Wanted more done for older
Americans in the New Deal.
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- THE SECOND NEW DEAL Although the economy had improved during
FDRs first term (1932- 1936), the gains were not as great as
expected Unemployment remained high and production still
lagged
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- Second New Deal Second New Deal 1935 Relief and Recovery
Federal Arts Project First time gave aid to artists Money for
concerts to small towns
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- NEW Federal Programs of 2 nd New Deal WPA Works Progress
Administration Social Security Act National Labor Relations
Act
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- FHA FHA Federal Housing Administration provided home loans,
home mortgages and repairs Repaired business in Childersburg,
Alabama
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- WORKS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION Helping urban workers was
critical to the success of the Second Hundred Days The WPA set out
to create as many jobs as possible as quickly as possible Between
1935-1943, the WPA spent $11 billion to give jobs to 8 million
workers
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- WPA BUILDS AMERICA WPA workers built 850 airports, 651,000
miles of roads and streets, and 125,000 public buildings The WPA
also hired artists, writers and photographers to create art The
Davis Street School Extension in Atlanta under construction as part
of the Works Progress Administration Program, November 2, 1936
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- NATIONAL YOUTH ADMINISTRATION The National Youth Administration
(NYA) was created to provide education, jobs and recreation for
young people Getting young people off the streets and into schools
and jobs was a high priority for the NYA
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- Second new deal National Labor Relations Act creation of NLRB
Allowed workers to elect Which union they wanted to join
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- IMPROVING LABOR RELATIONS In the Second New Deal FDR helped
pass the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) This legislation
protected workers, ensured collective bargaining, and preserved the
right to unionize The NLRA was also called the Wagner Act
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- CONGRESS PROTECTS WORKERS In 1938, Congress passed the Fair
Labor Standards Act which set maximum hours at 44 per week and
minimum wage at 25 cents per hour
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- Second New Deal Social Security Pension supported by taxes for
elderly Small pension for elderly Unemployment compensation
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- In August 1937, the economy collapsed again. Industrial
production and employment levels fell. The nation entered a
recession, a period of slow business activity. The new Social
Security tax was partly to blame. The tax came directly out of
workers paychecks, through payroll deductions.
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- To fund the New Deal, the government had to borrow massive
amounts of money. As a result the national debt rose from $21
billion in 1933 to $43 billion by 1940.
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- Reform SEC (Security and Exchange Commission) Regulated stock
market No insider trading
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- 2. Social Security Act pensions for retired workers,
unemployment insurance, welfare FDR signs SSA
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- Support for survivors Health insurance Health insurance was
dropped in a compromise
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- Today, about 160 million people work and pay Social Security
taxes and about 52 million people receive monthly Social Security
benefits. Social Security replaces about 40 percent of an average
wage earners income after retiring
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- The current Social Security system works like this: when you
work, you pay taxes into Social Security. The tax money is used to
pay benefits to: People who already have retired; People who are
disabled; Survivors of workers who have died; and Dependents of
beneficiaries.
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- Medicare Medicare was added in 1965 Medicare is a federal
program that helps to pay for older Americans' health costs. Some
people incorrectly consider Medicare to be part of the Social
Security system because taxes that finance part of Medicare are
lumped in with those that pay for Social Security
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- Retirement Social Security's retirement program provides a
lifetime monthly income for qualified workers once they reach their
full retirement age. Depending on when they were born, that age
ranges from 65 to 67. The amount of retirement benefits that a
worker receives depends on his or her income while working. Workers
also have the option of receiving a lower monthly income starting
at age 62.
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- Survivors Social Security's survivors program provides a
monthly lifetime income to the surviving spouse of a deceased
worker once he or she reaches retirement age. The amount of the
monthly benefit depends on both spouses' income while they were
working. The survivors program also pays benefits to children under
the age of 18 and the surviving spouse caring for them.
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- Disability Social Security also pays lifetime monthly income to
workers who are disabled and, in some cases, to their spouses and
children under the age of 18. These benefits depend on the worker's
earning history
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- NEW DEAL AFFECTS MANY GROUPS First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt
helped women gain higher political positions during the New Deal
Eleanor was influential in her role as advisor to the president
Frances Perkins became Americas first female cabinet member (Labor)
Eleanor & Franklin
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- Minorities African Americans hard hit, programs were segregated
Tenant farmers(sharecroppers) were often African American Relief
payments lower Indian Reorganization Act 1934: allowed tribal
control over land
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- AFRICAN AMERICANS DURING THE NEW DEAL The 1930s witnessed a
growth of activism for black Americans A. Philip Randolph became
head of the nations first all-black union the Brotherhood of
Sleeping Car Porters
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- AFRICAN AMERICANS GAIN POLITICAL POSITIONS FDR appointed over
100 African Americans to positions within the government Mary
McLeod Bethune headed the division of Negro Affairs of the NYA
Despite these gains, FDR was never fully committed to Civil Rights
Bethune
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- NATIVE AMERICANS MAKE GAINS Native Americans made advances
during the 1920s & 1930s Full citizenship granted in 1924 The
Reorganization Act of 1934 gave Natives more ownership of
reservations Policy was moving away from assimilation towards
autonomy
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- WPA Cultural Arts programs
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- CULTURE IN THE 1930s MOVIES: By the late 1930s, 65% of
Americans were attending the movies at least once per week at one
of the nations 15,000 movie theaters Comedies, lavish musicals,
love stories and gangster films dominated the movie industry Movies
provided an escape from the hardships of the Great Depression
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- MOVIE A new era of glamour in Hollywood was launched with stars
like Clark Gable, Marlene Dietrich and James Cagney STARS
1930s
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- FAMOUS FILMS OF THE 30s One of the most famous films of the era
was Gone with the Wind (1939) Other notable movies of the era
included The Wizard of Oz (1939) and Snow White and the Seven
Dwarfs (1937)
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- RADIO: THE ORIGINAL ENTERTAINMENT Sales of radios greatly
increased in the 1930s, from 13 million in 1930 to 28 million by
1940 Nearly 90% of American homes owned a radio Families spent
hours listening to the radio
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- ROOSEVELTS FIRESIDE CHATS FDR communicated to Americans via
radio His frequent Fireside Chats kept Americans abreast of the
governments efforts during the Depression
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- POPULAR RADIO SHOWS Popular radio shows included comedies with
Bob Hope, Jack Benny, and the duo of Burns and Allen Soap operas
(named because they were sponsored by soap companies) ran in the
mornings, kids shows in the afternoon and entertainment at night
HopeHope BurnsAllen Benny
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- FAMOUS RADIO MOMENTS Orson Wells created a radio special called
War of the Worlds It was an epic drama about aliens landing in
America Unfortunately, many thought it was a news broadcast and
panicked
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- LIVE NEWS COVERAGE Radio captured news as well as providing
entertainment One of the first worldwide broadcasts was the
horrific crash of the Hindenburg, a German Zeppelin (blimp), in New
Jersey on May 6, 1937 Such immediate news coverage became a staple
in society The Hindenburg caught fire and was utterly destroyed
within a minute Of the 97 people on board, 13 passengers and 22
crew-members were killed
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- ART DURING THE GREAT DEPRESSION The Federal Art Project (branch
of the WPA) paid artists a living wage to produce art Projects
included murals, posters and books Much of the art, music and
literature was sober and serious WPA Art Democracy...a Challenge
artist, date unknown
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- ARTISTS HERALDED Painters like Edward Hopper, Thomas Hart
Benton, and Iowas Grant Wood were all made famous by their work in
the WPA program Photographer Dorothea Lange gained fame from her
photos during this era (featured throughout this presentation)
Woods American Gothic is perhaps the most famous piece of the era
(1930)
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- A Political Partnership Franklin Roosevelt Appealing blend of
cheerfulness, optimism, and confidence An effective communicator
(ex. fireside chats) A reform-minded Democrat Believed the
government could solve economic and social problems Eleanor
Roosevelt Eyes and ears of her husband Directed efforts to solve
several major social issues (ex. lynching of African Americans)
Wrote her own newspaper column Had the trust and affection of many
Americans
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- The New Deal - Pros and Cons Pros Restored optimism and hope to
Americans Cons Did not really fix the depression Left the nation
with much debt Provided necessary relief to many Left people too
dependent on government (?)
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- What factors led to the recession of 1937, and how did the
Roosevelt administration respond? What triumphs and setbacks did
unions experience during the New Deal era? What effects did the New
Deal have on American culture? What lasting effects can be
attributed to the New Deal?
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- Questions: Why was FDR's administration labeled the "New Deal?"
What were its three goals? What sort of relationship did President
Roosevelt develop with the press and the public? What role did the
radio play in Depression-era America? What role did Mrs. Roosevelt
play in her husband's administration? Why did FDR engage in a
series of "Fireside Chats" with the American people?
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- End of New Deal Recession of 1937 Caused by cuts in federal
spending Federal Reserve responded Industrial production
declined
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- By 1938 New Deal had essentially come to an end. World Crisis
beginning to emerge FDR turned his attention to preparing a
reluctant nation for war.
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- Effects of New Deal New groups, ie workers, farmers,to
positions that could challenge power Increased regulation of
economy Stock market Banking system Welfare system Social
security
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- Programs today Social Security NLRA National Labor Relations
Admin TVA FDIC SEC Federal Crop Insurance Corporation Fair Labor
Standards REA Rural Electrification Admin
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- Success or Failure? 1.Reduced unemployment by 7 million 2.Soil
conservation schemes. 3.The Stock Market and banks recovered.
4.Transformed the Tennessee valley. 5.Roosevelt was re-elected.
1.Still 6 million out of work in 1941. 2.The numbers fell due to
enlistment and rearmament in WW2. 3.Black people were segregated
from white. 4.Women were excluded from the New Deal. 5.Tennessee
benefited but many areas were still suffering.