Westward MigrationWestward Migration Americans began moving westAmericans began moving west

More economic opportunitiesMore economic opportunities Wheat, corn, mining, railroadsWheat, corn, mining, railroads

Farm mechanization made it easierFarm mechanization made it easier Steel plow, windmills, mechanical reaperSteel plow, windmills, mechanical reaper

Comstock LodeComstock Lode First silver ore foundFirst silver ore found

East was growing quickly, needed foodEast was growing quickly, needed food Others went west for Others went west for religious reasonsreligious reasons

Mormon TrailMormon Trail First led by First led by Joseph SmithJoseph Smith (New York) (New York) Led into Utah by Led into Utah by Brigham YoungBrigham Young

Comstock Lode near Reno, NV

Silver and precious minerals also discovered in Creede, CO

Oregon TrailOregon Trail

Mormon TrailMormon Trail

Homestead ActHomestead Act 1862 1862 US gov’t encouraged westward migrationUS gov’t encouraged westward migration Offered 160 acres of land to settlers and Offered 160 acres of land to settlers and

had to farm for 5 yearshad to farm for 5 years Not enough land due to droughtNot enough land due to drought

Cost $10 registration feeCost $10 registration fee Encouraged white settlers to move westEncouraged white settlers to move west

Most were old immigrantsMost were old immigrants Women, ex-slaves were allowed to Women, ex-slaves were allowed to

homesteadhomestead Encourage westward migrationEncourage westward migration

Morrill Land GrantMorrill Land Grant 1862 1862

US federal gov’t gave western lands US federal gov’t gave western lands to statesto states

States sold landStates sold land Money was used to build agriculture Money was used to build agriculture

and technical collegesand technical colleges Examples: Virginia Tech and NC StateExamples: Virginia Tech and NC State

Encourage westward migrationEncourage westward migration

Pacific Railways Act (1862)Pacific Railways Act (1862)

Law that granted Law that granted government lands to government lands to corporations – mainly corporations – mainly railroad companiesrailroad companies

Gov’t wanted to Gov’t wanted to promote construction promote construction of transcontinental of transcontinental railroadrailroad

Encourage westward Encourage westward migrationmigration

Difficulties of Living in the WestDifficulties of Living in the West

Harsh conditionsHarsh conditions Drought, prairie fires, tornadoes, locustsDrought, prairie fires, tornadoes, locusts

Remote, solitary lifeRemote, solitary life Worked 68 hours weekWorked 68 hours week

Very difficult for womenVery difficult for women Same work as menSame work as men Gained suffrage here firstGained suffrage here first

Homesteaders Living in a SoddieHomesteaders Living in a Soddie

Impact of White SettlersImpact of White Settlers

Native Americans were displacedNative Americans were displaced Conflict began between Native tribes and white Conflict began between Native tribes and white

settlers and, eventually, US Armysettlers and, eventually, US Army More railroads were builtMore railroads were built New States were added to UnionNew States were added to Union

Most gave women suffrageMost gave women suffrage Last state- Last state- Oklahoma Land RushOklahoma Land Rush

Settlers rushed in to get the last free land in USSettlers rushed in to get the last free land in US Boomers & Sooners – Boomers & Sooners – white settlers who attempted to live white settlers who attempted to live

in Oklahoma before it was open to settlement (forced out in Oklahoma before it was open to settlement (forced out by US Army)by US Army)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yxaJY8UZxn4http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yxaJY8UZxn4

RailroadsRailroads

First transcontinental railroad completed in 1869First transcontinental railroad completed in 1869 Union Pacific & Central PacificUnion Pacific & Central Pacific Promontory Point, UtahPromontory Point, Utah

Built mainly by Irish and Chinese immigrantsBuilt mainly by Irish and Chinese immigrants Further displaced Native AmericansFurther displaced Native Americans

Could no longer follow the buffalo – white Could no longer follow the buffalo – white hunters devastated buffalo populationhunters devastated buffalo population

30 million buffalo dead within a 10-year period30 million buffalo dead within a 10-year period Native American vs. White use of buffaloNative American vs. White use of buffalo

Transcontinental RailroadTranscontinental Railroad

The Indian WarsThe Indian Wars

““[We] have been taught to hunt and [We] have been taught to hunt and live on game. You tell us that we must live on game. You tell us that we must learn to farm, live in one house, and learn to farm, live in one house, and take on your ways. Suppose the people take on your ways. Suppose the people living beyond the great sea should living beyond the great sea should come and tell you that you must stop come and tell you that you must stop farming, and kill your cattle, and take farming, and kill your cattle, and take your houses and lands, what would you your houses and lands, what would you do? Would you not fight them?”do? Would you not fight them?”

-quoted in -quoted in Bury My Heart at Wounded KneeBury My Heart at Wounded Knee

Plains IndiansPlains Indians

Sioux- lived on northern plainsSioux- lived on northern plains Five Civilized Tribes – Cherokee, Choctaw, Five Civilized Tribes – Cherokee, Choctaw,

Chickasaw, Seminole, and CreekChickasaw, Seminole, and Creek All eventually forced to relocate from ancestral All eventually forced to relocate from ancestral

lands in the 1830s lands in the 1830s Where were the relocated? Under what act? Where were the relocated? Under what act?

Which president?Which president? Different lifestylesDifferent lifestyles

Followed buffalo herdsFollowed buffalo herds Some were sedentarySome were sedentary

Reservation SystemReservation System

Indians were placed here by federal gov’t Offered annual payments in lieu of land Occasionally, federal gov’t failed to

make payments or reduced the size of reservation

Indians resisted, led to war

Conditions on reservations

Native American lands- ca. 1819Native American lands- ca. 1819

Native American lands – ca. 1864Native American lands – ca. 1864

Native American lands – ca. 1894Native American lands – ca. 1894

Conflicts between Whites and Conflicts between Whites and Native AmericansNative Americans Conflicts result from fed. gov’t

continued restriction of Native American lands and rights

Sand Creek Massacre 1864 First major conflict General S.R. Curtis – “I

want no peace till the Indians suffer more.”

Sent Col. John Chivington to attack Natives at the Sand Creek reserve in Colorado – 200 warriors and 500 women and children

Over 150 Natives killed – mostly women and children

Buffalo Soldiers Buffalo Soldiers

African American Troop Regiment African American Troop Regiment Created during the Civil WarCreated during the Civil War Fights in the Indian WarsFights in the Indian Wars African Americans now fighting for a African Americans now fighting for a

country that recognizes them as country that recognizes them as peoplepeople

Battle of Little Big Horn - 1876Battle of Little Big Horn - 1876

Native Americans joined forcesNative Americans joined forces Sitting Bull and Crazy HorseSitting Bull and Crazy Horse

Fought against General Custer at Little Big Fought against General Custer at Little Big HornHorn

Native Americans massacred all American Native Americans massacred all American TroopsTroops

Only major Native American victoryOnly major Native American victory This battle was the exception rather than the This battle was the exception rather than the

rulerule Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee clipBury My Heart at Wounded Knee clip

Little Big HornLittle Big Horn

Sitting BullColonel George A. Custer

Chief JosephChief Joseph Leader of Nez Perce Leader of Nez Perce

(Oregon)(Oregon) Sent to OK after Little Sent to OK after Little

Big HornBig Horn Wanted to return to Wanted to return to

OregonOregon Refused permissionRefused permission

Denied food and waterDenied food and water Attempted to Attempted to escape escape

to Canadato Canada Captured by US Army Captured by US Army

before making it before making it

Chief Joseph cont.Chief Joseph cont.

““It is cold, and we have no blankets; the little It is cold, and we have no blankets; the little children are freezing to death. My people, children are freezing to death. My people, some of them, have run away to the hills, some of them, have run away to the hills, and have no blankets, no food. No one knows and have no blankets, no food. No one knows where they are—perhaps freezing to death. I where they are—perhaps freezing to death. I want to have time to look for my children, want to have time to look for my children, and see how many of them I can find. Maybe and see how many of them I can find. Maybe I shall find them among the dead. Hear me, I shall find them among the dead. Hear me, my chiefs! I am tired; my heart is sick and my chiefs! I am tired; my heart is sick and sad. From where the sun now stands, I will sad. From where the sun now stands, I will fight no more forever.”fight no more forever.”

Save the IndiansSave the Indians

Carlisle Indian School Assimilation

Forced Native Americans to integrate (become part of) white society

Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee clip

Helen Hunt Jackson’s A Century of Dishonor dramatized the federal government's

mistreatment of Native Americans in the west Raised awareness of the plight of the Native

Americans Similar to which book before the Civil War?

Helen Hunt Jackson

Dawes ActDawes Act

18871887 Result of Jackson’s bookResult of Jackson’s book Would create Indian farmersWould create Indian farmers

Gave each family 160 acres of landGave each family 160 acres of land Dealt with individual Indians, not tribeDealt with individual Indians, not tribe Sold remaining land and purchased farm equipmentSold remaining land and purchased farm equipment Become citizens in 25 yearsBecome citizens in 25 years

Most Indians lost property within one Most Indians lost property within one generationgeneration Received the poor landReceived the poor land

Ghost DanceGhost Dance

Led by Wovoka Led by Wovoka – a – a spiritual leader & spiritual leader & shamanshaman

Believed that Believed that Native Native American ancestors American ancestors would be resurrectedwould be resurrected

Ancestors would help Ancestors would help Natives ‘obtain their Natives ‘obtain their rightful place and regain rightful place and regain land lost to white man’land lost to white man’

Scared American Scared American soldierssoldiers

Ghost DanceGhost Dance

Wounded Knee MassacreWounded Knee Massacre

18911891 Last conflict between Whites and Last conflict between Whites and

Native AmericansNative Americans Indians were fired upon at Wounded Indians were fired upon at Wounded

Knee by US soldiersKnee by US soldiers Women, children and elderly were all Women, children and elderly were all

killedkilled Ends Native American resistanceEnds Native American resistance

A mass grave used after the Battle of Wounded Knee

Summary- results for NativesSummary- results for Natives

Helen Hunt JacksonHelen Hunt Jackson-A Century of -A Century of DishonorDishonor Gained support for Native Gained support for Native

AmericansAmericans Led to the Led to the Dawes ActDawes Act

Land for Native AmericansLand for Native Americans Called for assimilationCalled for assimilation

Native Americans should act, dress etc. like Native Americans should act, dress etc. like White AmericansWhite Americans

CowboysCowboys

New cities New cities caused a caused a need for beefneed for beef Individuals out west began to raise cattleIndividuals out west began to raise cattle First, started to drive cattle to major cities, First, started to drive cattle to major cities,

then cattle would be loaded onto trainsthen cattle would be loaded onto trains Later, ranches Later, ranches would be builtwould be built

Cowboys were hiredCowboys were hired Most owned their own horsesMost owned their own horses Open range ended because of barbed wireOpen range ended because of barbed wire

Cows could be fenced in thanks to Joseph Glidden’s Cows could be fenced in thanks to Joseph Glidden’s inventioninvention

Cattle Trails, 1870s-1890sCattle Trails, 1870s-1890s

Ranches and CowboysRanches and Cowboys

FarmersFarmers

Faced many problems Faced many problems after they after they moved Westmoved West DroughtDrought InsectsInsects Difficult conditions Difficult conditions – prairie fires, – prairie fires,

tornadoes, etc.tornadoes, etc. New technology helped someNew technology helped some

Steel PlowSteel Plow Mechanical ReaperMechanical Reaper WindmillWindmill

Famers continuedFamers continued

Blamed problems on railroadsBlamed problems on railroads Had to transport goods on trainsHad to transport goods on trains Railroads charged high ratesRailroads charged high rates

Even higher for short haul versus long haulEven higher for short haul versus long haul Penalized the farmerPenalized the farmer

Farmers wanted government to Farmers wanted government to regulate railroadsregulate railroads Lower freight chargesLower freight charges Government did not respond Government did not respond

Money ProblemsMoney Problems FarmersFarmers also faced also faced problems with creditproblems with credit

Stayed in debtStayed in debt Borrowed money to plant crops every yearBorrowed money to plant crops every year Could not always repay bankCould not always repay bank If not, bank foreclosed on propertyIf not, bank foreclosed on property

Farmers wanted more money printed and put Farmers wanted more money printed and put into circulationinto circulation Money during and after the Civil WarMoney during and after the Civil War

Spongebob clipSpongebob clip Demanded the silver standardDemanded the silver standard

Print money based on silver standardPrint money based on silver standard Would increase the cost of farm goodsWould increase the cost of farm goods

The GrangeThe Grange

Farmers organized Farmers organized The GrangeThe Grange

Led by Oliver KelleyLed by Oliver Kelley Intended to address Intended to address

the social and the social and educational needs of educational needs of isolated farmersisolated farmers

Officially asked Officially asked government to government to address farmers needsaddress farmers needs

Was not successfulWas not successful

Populist Party – “The People’s Populist Party – “The People’s Party”Party”

Organized in Organized in 18921892 Based on Based on populismpopulism – giving the – giving the people more of people more of

a voice in gov’ta voice in gov’t, helping farmers and other , helping farmers and other workersworkers

Met in Omaha, NebraskaMet in Omaha, Nebraska Omaha PlatformOmaha Platform

8 Hour workday8 Hour workday Silver StandardSilver Standard Direct Election of SenatorsDirect Election of Senators

Won elections in state government, sent Won elections in state government, sent representatives to Congressrepresentatives to Congress

Populists and Democrats MergePopulists and Democrats Merge

Populist party merged with Populist party merged with DemocratsDemocrats in Election of 1896 in Election of 1896

Democrats Democrats argued the same issues argued the same issues as Populistsas Populists

Nominated William Jennings Bryan Nominated William Jennings Bryan for presidentfor president Campaigned across AmericaCampaigned across America Gave Gave “Cross of Gold” speech“Cross of Gold” speech

““you cannot crucify man on a cross of gold”you cannot crucify man on a cross of gold” Advocated the silver standardAdvocated the silver standard

William Jennings BryanWilliam Jennings Bryan

Election of 1896 and 1900Election of 1896 and 1900 Bryan ran against William McKinley (R)

Bryan campaigned across US on train Whistle stop campaign Called for bimetallism – US money based on both

gold and silver McKinley ran the “Front Porch” campaign

Voters came to see him on his front porch In favor of the gold standard – US money based

solely on gold

McKinley wins both elections Marks the end of the Populist Party

Election of 1896Election of 1896

Election of 1900Election of 1900