Westward ExpansionWestward Expansion

Key QuestionsKey Questions

Why move west?Why move west?– Resources that will help our Resources that will help our

economy grow.economy grow. How does the movie Avatar How does the movie Avatar

compare to the white/Indian compare to the white/Indian interaction? How does it differ?interaction? How does it differ?

No, we are not watching Avatar. No, we are not watching Avatar.

Clash of Cultures Clash of Cultures (Frontier) (Frontier)

Gold, Cattle, and Farming forced Indian culture Gold, Cattle, and Farming forced Indian culture to clash with white prospectors and the to clash with white prospectors and the Railroad. Railroad.

Native Americans did not believe in land Native Americans did not believe in land ownership. ownership.

White Americans however believed that it was White Americans however believed that it was man’s destiny to settle and improve land so that man’s destiny to settle and improve land so that they may make their stake in America.they may make their stake in America.

Native Americans needs a small fraction of land Native Americans needs a small fraction of land in comparison to one white man. (100 acres)in comparison to one white man. (100 acres)

““Indian Problem”Indian Problem”

Extermination Extermination Relocation Relocation Reservation Reservation AssimilationAssimilation All were tried during the clash of All were tried during the clash of

Native Americans and the WhitesNative Americans and the Whites

Cultures Clash on the Cultures Clash on the PrairiePrairie

The discovery of The discovery of gold drew tens gold drew tens of thousands of of thousands of miners to the miners to the west and led to west and led to the growth of the growth of mining camps mining camps and frontier and frontier townstowns

Cultures Class Cultures Class

Gold, Cattle, and Farming forced Gold, Cattle, and Farming forced Indian culture to clash with white Indian culture to clash with white prospectors and the Railroad. prospectors and the Railroad. – Sand Creek MassacreSand Creek Massacre– Bozeman TrailBozeman Trail– Treaty of Fort LaramieTreaty of Fort Laramie– Red River WarRed River War– Battle of Little Big HornBattle of Little Big Horn– Wounded Knee Wounded Knee

Culture Clash on the Culture Clash on the Prairie Prairie

Culture Clash on the Culture Clash on the Prairie Prairie

Culture Clash on the Culture Clash on the Prairie Prairie Custer led 200 Custer led 200

soldiers against soldiers against what turned out what turned out to be 2,000-to be 2,000-3,000 Indian 3,000 Indian Warriors. Within Warriors. Within 20 minutes, 20 minutes, Custer and all his Custer and all his men were killed.men were killed.

Cultures Clash on the Cultures Clash on the PrairiePrairie To formalize the To formalize the

policy of policy of assimilation assimilation (Americanization) (Americanization) of Native of Native Americans by Americans by teaching them to teaching them to desire property desire property and to farm. and to farm.

Assimilation! Yikes!Assimilation! Yikes!

Cultures Clash on the Cultures Clash on the Prairie Prairie Wounded Knee Wounded Knee

Creek: The Seventh Creek: The Seventh Cavalry rounded up Cavalry rounded up 340 starving, 340 starving, freezing Sioux and freezing Sioux and demanded their demanded their weapons. After one weapons. After one warrior fired his rifle, warrior fired his rifle, soldiers used soldiers used cannons to slaughter cannons to slaughter 300 Indians300 Indians The end of The end of

Indian/White conflictIndian/White conflict

What you didn’t What you didn’t cover…cover… Cattle Becomes Big Business Cattle Becomes Big Business

– The cowboy way of life was attributed to the The cowboy way of life was attributed to the Mexican vaquero. Mexican vaquero.

– Cowboys were not in great demand until the Cowboys were not in great demand until the railroad came to the west.railroad came to the west.

– Demand for beef created cattle trails and cow Demand for beef created cattle trails and cow towns.towns.

– Overgrazing of the land, extended bad Overgrazing of the land, extended bad weather , and the invention of barbed wire weather , and the invention of barbed wire were largely responsible to the decline of the were largely responsible to the decline of the open range and the cowboy.open range and the cowboy.

Cattle Trails and the Cattle Trails and the RailroadsRailroads

Settling on the Great Settling on the Great PlainsPlains Land Grants: Railroads sold Land Grants: Railroads sold

land to farmers at low rates land to farmers at low rates and recruited Europeans to and recruited Europeans to buy and farm frontier land. buy and farm frontier land.

Settling the Great Settling the Great PlainsPlains

Laws passed in 1870: The Laws passed in 1870: The Homestead ActHomestead Act offered offered 160 acres of land free to anyone who would 160 acres of land free to anyone who would cultivate it for five years; similar acts offered land cultivate it for five years; similar acts offered land for cheap or for free in Oklahoma and Kansas.for cheap or for free in Oklahoma and Kansas.

Settling the Great Settling the Great PlainsPlains Inventions: Inventions:

Increased farm Increased farm productivity by productivity by decreasing the decreasing the amount of effort amount of effort and time and time required to required to produce farm produce farm goods. goods.

1847 McCormick 1847 McCormick ReaperReaper

Barbed WireBarbed Wire

Settling the Great Settling the Great PlainsPlains Morrill and Hatch Morrill and Hatch

Acts: Supported Acts: Supported farmers by farmers by financing financing agricultural agricultural education and education and research in farm research in farm technology and technology and methodologymethodology

Settling the Great Settling the Great PlainsPlains Hardships:Hardships:

– Bad weather (Droughts, Floods, blizzards)Bad weather (Droughts, Floods, blizzards)– FiresFires– Locust plagues Locust plagues – Raids by outlaws and Native Americans Raids by outlaws and Native Americans – Providing enough food and shelterProviding enough food and shelter– Living in dugouts and soddiesLiving in dugouts and soddies– Self-sufficient for clothing and medical careSelf-sufficient for clothing and medical care– Physical hardships of farm workPhysical hardships of farm work– Financial problems (debt, bankruptcy, Financial problems (debt, bankruptcy,

fluctuating prices, rising cost of shipping and fluctuating prices, rising cost of shipping and equipment)equipment)

Expansionism

American Imperialism American Imperialism

ImperialismImperialism- policy in - policy in which stronger nations which stronger nations extend their economic, extend their economic, political or military political or military control over weaker control over weaker territoryterritory

Setting the tone for Setting the tone for American American Imperialism: the Imperialism: the current situation.current situation.

Monroe Doctrine: western western hemisphere could not be hemisphere could not be colonized by European powers colonized by European powers (1823)(1823)

Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny- - divine right to expand divine right to expand West West

Global Competition in Global Competition in Africa and Asia: Africa and Asia:

Industrial Revolution Industrial Revolution increased productivityincreased productivity

Reasons for Reasons for Imperialism in Imperialism in America America Essential QuestionEssential Question?--Why did ?--Why did the US seek and acquire new the US seek and acquire new territories and expand its territories and expand its area, influence, and power area, influence, and power during the period?during the period?

1. Desire for Military 1. Desire for Military StrengthStrength Alfred T. Mahan—Alfred T. Mahan—

wrote wrote The The Influence of Sea Influence of Sea Power Upon Power Upon HistoryHistory

Urged U.S. to build a Urged U.S. to build a NavyNavy

Urged U.S. build the Urged U.S. build the Panama CanalPanama Canal

Urged U.S. to obtain Pacific Urged U.S. to obtain Pacific Naval bases to gain access Naval bases to gain access to Chinato China

2. Thirst for New 2. Thirst for New Market Market U.S. needed raw materials to continue U.S. needed raw materials to continue

to produce goodsto produce goods As a result of a surplus of agricultural As a result of a surplus of agricultural

and manufactured goods, new markets and manufactured goods, new markets were needed for trade were needed for trade

Foreign trade was considered the only Foreign trade was considered the only solution to American over-production, solution to American over-production, unemployment, and economic unemployment, and economic depression (1893) depression (1893)

3. Belief in Cultural 3. Belief in Cultural Superiority Superiority Social Darwinism- Social Darwinism-

belief in survival belief in survival of the fittest due of the fittest due to racial to racial superioritysuperiority

U.S. responsibility U.S. responsibility to spread to spread Christianity and Christianity and Civilized ways to Civilized ways to inferior peopleinferior people

Imperialism ExamplesImperialism Examples

How and why was the territory obtained or How and why was the territory obtained or opened? opened?

Opening of Japan- military (1853)Opening of Japan- military (1853)– Opening of Japan

Annexation of Hawaii- political (1896)Annexation of Hawaii- political (1896)– Hawaii

Purchasing of Alaska- economic (1868)Purchasing of Alaska- economic (1868)– Purchasing Alaska

How has imperialism in these areas How has imperialism in these areas benefitted the United States today?benefitted the United States today?

Focus Question Focus Question

What is the definition of What is the definition of imperialism? Why did America imperialism? Why did America choose to become imperialistic? choose to become imperialistic? List and explain America’s first List and explain America’s first three imperial pursuit. three imperial pursuit.

Main IdeaMain Idea

The Spanish American War The Spanish American War demonstrated America’s demonstrated America’s expansionism. It left the nation expansionism. It left the nation with an overseas empire and with an overseas empire and made the United States a leading made the United States a leading world power.world power.

Spanish American War Spanish American War

Spanish American War video

American interest in American interest in CubaCuba

Cubans rebellion Cubans rebellion peaks American peaks American interestinterest Jose Marti- Jose Marti-

destroys destroys American American property in order property in order to encourage US to encourage US involvement.involvement.

American interest American interest were caught in were caught in the cross fire of the cross fire of the rebellion the rebellion

Valeriano Weyler: Valeriano Weyler: concentration campsconcentration camps

Spanish Misrule: Spanish Misrule: Yellow JournalismYellow Journalism

Yellow Journalism and Yellow Journalism and the Mainethe Maine William Randolph William Randolph

Hearst: “You furnish Hearst: “You furnish the pictures and I’ll the pictures and I’ll furnish the war.”furnish the war.”

Yellow Journalism: Yellow Journalism: sensationalizing the sensationalizing the news in order to sell news in order to sell papers or achieve papers or achieve an agendaan agenda

War with Spain! April 20 War with Spain! April 20 18981898

War with Spain! War with Spain! (Philippines) (Philippines)

Naval Blockade of Naval Blockade of CubaCuba

Havana CubaHavana Cuba

The Spanish American War highlighted poor The Spanish American War highlighted poor military preparedness. As a result of the SAW the military preparedness. As a result of the SAW the United States overhauled the US military and United States overhauled the US military and improved standards for future global conflicts. improved standards for future global conflicts.

Charge of Kettle Hill Charge of Kettle Hill and the Rough Ridersand the Rough Riders

Rough Riders: Made TR Rough Riders: Made TR an American heroan American hero

Bombarding of San Bombarding of San JuanJuan

Treaty of ParisTreaty of Paris

Cuba obtained Cuba obtained independence independence

United States United States gained Puerto gained Puerto Rico, Guam, and Rico, Guam, and the Philippines, the Philippines, while Spain while Spain received 20 received 20 million from the million from the Untied StatesUntied States

Yay! We are a world Yay! We are a world power and everyone is power and everyone is ok with it!ok with it!

Focus Question: Describe what is taking Focus Question: Describe what is taking place in the picture below? Highlight any place in the picture below? Highlight any and all details that help define the theme and all details that help define the theme of the cartoon. of the cartoon.

Foreign Influence in Foreign Influence in ChinaChina ProblemProblem: China was being carved : China was being carved

up into colonies.up into colonies. Why-ProblemWhy-Problem: American traders : American traders

might be shut outmight be shut out SolutionSolution: John Hay’s Open Door : John Hay’s Open Door

Note proposition to make China Note proposition to make China an open door for trade. an open door for trade.

Foreign Influence in Foreign Influence in ChinaChina Results: Results:

– Boxer Rebellion- Chinese rebellion Boxer Rebellion- Chinese rebellion against foreign influenceagainst foreign influence

– John Hay issued a second Open Door John Hay issued a second Open Door Policy which guaranteed America Policy which guaranteed America would intervene to safeguard free would intervene to safeguard free trade in Chinatrade in China

So What? So What?

Open Door Policy reflected Open Door Policy reflected American beliefs in economy and American beliefs in economy and foreign policyforeign policy

1.1. Americans believed economic Americans believed economic growth depended on exportsgrowth depended on exports

2.2. Americans believed in the right to Americans believed in the right to intervene to ensure “free trade”intervene to ensure “free trade”

3.3. Closing off trade to an area Closing off trade to an area threatened US survival. threatened US survival.

Diplomacy- relations Diplomacy- relations between nationsbetween nations

InterventionismInterventionism: is a political term for : is a political term for significant activity undertaken by a state significant activity undertaken by a state to influence something not directly under to influence something not directly under its control.its control.

Big Stick Diplomacy/Roosevelt Big Stick Diplomacy/Roosevelt Corollary Corollary

Roosevelt the Roosevelt the Peacemaker (1905) Peacemaker (1905) Russo-Japanese WarRusso-Japanese War

Panama CanalPanama Canal

Roosevelt Corollary-Roosevelt Corollary- attached to the attached to the Monroe Doctrine, states that US will Monroe Doctrine, states that US will use power to protect interest in use power to protect interest in Latin American (Police Power)Latin American (Police Power)

Dollar Diplomacy: TaftDollar Diplomacy: Taft

Policy of using US guaranteed Policy of using US guaranteed loans to foreign countries by loans to foreign countries by American businessmen.American businessmen.

Read how Dollar Diplomacy Read how Dollar Diplomacy worked in Nicaragua on page worked in Nicaragua on page 568-569.568-569.

What was the underlying theme What was the underlying theme of Dollar Diplomacy in this of Dollar Diplomacy in this situation? situation?

Missionary Diplomacy: Missionary Diplomacy: WilsonWilson US had a moral responsibility to US had a moral responsibility to

deny recognition to any Latin deny recognition to any Latin American government it viewed American government it viewed as oppressive, undemocratic, or as oppressive, undemocratic, or hostile to US interest. hostile to US interest.

Missionary Diplomacy pressured Missionary Diplomacy pressured nations to adopt democracy. nations to adopt democracy.

Mexican Revolution Mexican Revolution and Missionary and Missionary DiplomacyDiplomacy Read how Missionary Diplomacy is Read how Missionary Diplomacy is

utilized in Mexico during Woodrow utilized in Mexico during Woodrow Wilson’s presidency.Wilson’s presidency.

If you were Woodrow Wilson how If you were Woodrow Wilson how would you have handled the would you have handled the situation? situation?

Big IdeaBig Idea

Americans believed in the superiority Americans believed in the superiority of their society and should extend of their society and should extend the influence of their society through the influence of their society through military intervention if need be. military intervention if need be. – Expanded access to foreign markets in Expanded access to foreign markets in

order to continue economic growthorder to continue economic growth– Expanded navy to protect interest Expanded navy to protect interest

abroadabroad– US became an international police US became an international police

power in Latin Americapower in Latin America

World War IWorld War I

World War IWorld War I

Four M.A.I.N. causes of the Great Four M.A.I.N. causes of the Great War. War. US Enters the War US Enters the War America Tips the Balance America Tips the Balance Treaty of Versailles Treaty of Versailles

M.A.I.N.M.A.I.N.

MilitarismMilitarism- the development of armed - the development of armed forces and their use as a tool of forces and their use as a tool of diplomacydiplomacy

AllianceAlliance- a formal agreement or union - a formal agreement or union between nations (Triple Entente and between nations (Triple Entente and Central Powers) Central Powers)

ImperialismImperialism- the policy in which stronger - the policy in which stronger nations extend their economic, political, nations extend their economic, political, or military control over weaker or military control over weaker territories territories

NationalismNationalism- a devotion to the interest - a devotion to the interest and culture of one’s nation and culture of one’s nation

Leading Up to the WarLeading Up to the War

Competition between Monarchs (militarism Competition between Monarchs (militarism and imperialism) “All in the Family”and imperialism) “All in the Family”

Forming of Forming of AllianceAlliance System for protection System for protection eventually drags nations into war eventually drags nations into war

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand ignites the Great War in the Balkan region ignites the Great War in the Balkan region (June 1914) (nationalism)(June 1914) (nationalism)

July 28 Austria-Hungary declares war on July 28 Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia, Russia/Austria, Germany/Russia, Serbia, Russia/Austria, Germany/Russia, France/Germany, Germany invades France/Germany, Germany invades BelgiumBelgium

Modern Warfare leads Modern Warfare leads to Trench Warfareto Trench Warfare New weapons or refined weaponsNew weapons or refined weapons

– Machine Gun, Tank, Airplane, grenade Machine Gun, Tank, Airplane, grenade launchers, artillery, Chemicals, etc.launchers, artillery, Chemicals, etc.

New HazardsNew Hazards– New weapons lead to new injuriesNew weapons lead to new injuries– Unsanitary conditions due to # of deadUnsanitary conditions due to # of dead– Shell Shock, Trench Foot, Trench MouthShell Shock, Trench Foot, Trench Mouth– All hazards led to new and improved All hazards led to new and improved

medical techniques medical techniques creating a new kind of war.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/interactive/animations/mark_one_tank/index.shtml

Should we stay or Should we stay or should we go?should we go?

Question: Imperialism, militarism, Question: Imperialism, militarism, nationalism, and secret alliances nationalism, and secret alliances drew Europe into the Great War. drew Europe into the Great War. Which one of the MAIN reason do Which one of the MAIN reason do you believe was the most you believe was the most influential cause for war? influential cause for war?

Neutrality v. Neutrality v. InterventionIntervention War did not threaten War did not threaten

American lives American lives Capitalist and imperial Capitalist and imperial

strugglestruggle War is evil and US War is evil and US

should set an example should set an example for peacefor peace

Tons of German Tons of German AmericansAmericans

Irish immigrants saw Irish immigrants saw the opportunity for the opportunity for Ireland to gain Ireland to gain independence independence

Americans felt close Americans felt close ties to Britainties to Britain

Germany’s Germany’s aggressive actions aggressive actions in Belgium ignited in Belgium ignited sympathysympathy

Germany was Germany was considered the bully considered the bully of Europe of Europe

American economic American economic ties to Britainties to Britain

War Hits Home!War Hits Home!

British Blockade- eliminated freedom of the seas. As a result German U-Boats began unrestricted Sub-warfare.

Sinking of the the Lusitania- 128 Americans died

War Hits Home!War Hits Home!

1916 Election 1916 Election Wilson v. Charles Wilson v. Charles Evans Hughes.Evans Hughes.

After Wilson won After Wilson won he promoted he promoted world peace and world peace and encouraged encouraged “peace without “peace without victory”victory”

Germany ignored Germany ignored Wilson and Wilson and stepped up U-boat stepped up U-boat activityactivity

War Hits Home!War Hits Home!

Zimmerman Note Zimmerman Note Russian Collapse Russian Collapse Wilson's Wilson's

Declaration of Declaration of War April 2, 1917War April 2, 1917– ““make the make the

world safe for world safe for democracy”democracy”

War Hits Home!War Hits Home!

Zimmerman NoteZimmerman Note: proposal for a Mexican, : proposal for a Mexican, Japanese, German Alliance. Following Japanese, German Alliance. Following letter 4 unarmed US ships were sunk.letter 4 unarmed US ships were sunk.

Russian Collapse eliminated an ally and Russian Collapse eliminated an ally and left Britain and France to fend for left Britain and France to fend for themselves. themselves. Also made the war Also made the war democracy vs. monarchsdemocracy vs. monarchs

Wilson's Declaration of War April 2, 1917Wilson's Declaration of War April 2, 1917– “make the world safe for democracy”

1. Ensure Allied repayment of debts 2. Prevent the Germans from

threatening US shipping lanes

On the back of the On the back of the Zimmermann Note Zimmermann Note worksheet answer worksheet answer question #3question #3

Had this telegram not been Had this telegram not been intercepted by British agents, intercepted by British agents, what might have happened? what might have happened?

U.S. Goes to War U.S. Goes to War

Total War- Total War- Government takes Government takes complete control complete control of all economic of all economic and social aspects and social aspects to benefit the war to benefit the war effort. effort.

All out effort by All out effort by Americans to win Americans to win the war! Looked at the war! Looked at like a “crusade.”like a “crusade.”

America Goes to WarAmerica Goes to War

How did these government agencies aid in How did these government agencies aid in the total war effort? the total war effort? – War Industries BoardWar Industries Board– National War Labor BoardNational War Labor Board– Food Administration Food Administration – Railroad AdministrationRailroad Administration– Fuel AdministrationFuel Administration– Committee of Public InformationCommittee of Public Information– Espionage and Sedition ActsEspionage and Sedition Acts– Great MigrationGreat Migration– Mass Production of Ships Mass Production of Ships – Selective ServiceSelective Service

U.S. Goes to WarU.S. Goes to War

““Our soldiers are Our soldiers are not just at war, not just at war, but the whole but the whole country is at country is at war!” war!”

““Food will win Food will win the War!” the War!”

““America is now America is now feeding the rest feeding the rest of the world!”of the world!”

U.S. Goes to WarU.S. Goes to War

America Goes to War!America Goes to War!

America Goes to WarAmerica Goes to War

War is Expensive!War is Expensive!

US spent about US spent about 33.5 billion on 33.5 billion on the War. the War.

Taxes paid 1/3Taxes paid 1/3 The rest was The rest was

borrowed from borrowed from Americans Americans through Liberty through Liberty BondsBonds

American’s Turn the American’s Turn the TideTide Selective Service Act- required men Selective Service Act- required men

to register for military service. to register for military service. Mass Production (prefabrication of Mass Production (prefabrication of

ships)ships) Convoy System- Heavily guarded Convoy System- Heavily guarded

groups of ships that traveled across groups of ships that traveled across the Atlantic the Atlantic

American Expeditionary Force- American Expeditionary Force- name of the infantry unit fighting in name of the infantry unit fighting in EuropeEurope

America tips the America tips the BalanceBalance

John J. Pershing was the commanding John J. Pershing was the commanding officer of AEFofficer of AEF

American soldiers provided freshness American soldiers provided freshness and enthusiasm. and enthusiasm.

Eleventh hour of the Eleventh day of Eleventh hour of the Eleventh day of the Eleventh month in 1918 the Eleventh month in 1918

Over 30 million casualties and $200 Over 30 million casualties and $200 billion billion

The Beginning of The Beginning of Social ChangeSocial Change Great Migration—migration of Southern Great Migration—migration of Southern

blacks to cities in the north. blacks to cities in the north. – Freedom from racial violence Freedom from racial violence – Job OpportunitiesJob Opportunities

Women moved into roles and jobs that were Women moved into roles and jobs that were exclusively for men. Women’s efforts to exclusively for men. Women’s efforts to “man up” during the war contributed to the “man up” during the war contributed to the passing of the 19passing of the 19thth Amendment. Amendment.

The Flu Epidemic—Summarize the Flu The Flu Epidemic—Summarize the Flu Epidemic and answer question “G” on p.601Epidemic and answer question “G” on p.601