WELCOME TO A&P UNIT 8

By

Vesna Gvozdenovic, RN

1. GENERAL ( distributed throughout the body)

2. SPECIAL ( special receptors in localized areas) Eye ( rods and cones) Ear ( organ of Corti and cristae

ampullares Nose ( olfactory cells) Taste buds ( gustatory cells)

Free nerve endings ( skin and mucosa ) Encapsulated nerve endings • Meissner’s corpuscles• Ruffini’s corpuscles• Pacinian corpuscles• Krause’s end-bulbs• Golgi tendon receptors• Muscle spindlesQuestion: where are photoreceptors located?

What is conjunctiva?

What eye structure is involved in a cataract?

Please answer both questions

Myopia ( nearsightedness )

Hyperopia ( farsightedness )

Presbyopia

Astigmatism

Question: do you know what are orthokeratology and vision therapy?

WHAT NUMBER DO YOU SEE?

WHAT NUMBER DO YOU SEE?

1.External ear- Auricle- External auditory canal (tympanic membrane)2.Middle ear- Ear ossicles ( malleus, incus, stapes)- Oval window- Auditory ( Eustachian tube)3.Inner ear- Vestibule, semicircular canals, cochlea

1.CONDUCTION IMPAIRMENTS( blockage of the external or middle ear )• Otitis• Otosclerosis2.NERVE IMPAIRMENT• Chronic exposure to loud noise• Presbycusis• Meniere’s diseaseQuestion: what is another name for the

eardrum?

Chemoreceptors = taste buds Located on special tongue areas (papillae) Gustatory cells = specialized cells in taste

buds

Question: If we eat something very spicy, why do we

instinctively reach for ice cubes?

Olfactory receptors = chemoreceptors

Located in the upper part of the nasal cavity

Very sensitive and easily fatigued