Week of 4/29/13

Mrs. TateD110

EOC Review Week

4-29-13 Monday Biology

•Demonstrate an understanding of the structure and function of biomolecules. 1. Test: Body Systems2. Notes: Biomolecules

( students completed a graphic organizer)

3. Quiz: Biomolecules

•Reminders:

•Projects due May 1st

•Extra Credit Due tomorrow

•Check Your Grades

•Turn in Endocrine/Skin Worksheet !!!!

Biomolecules

•The Building Blocks of Life•TEK Bio 9A

Biomolecules are Organic Molecules

1. Molecules containing Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and often Oxygen.

2. They make up living organisms

3. Examples: Methane (CH4) Glucose (C6H12O6) are all organic molecules

Biomolecules

1. Basic Molecule: Proteins, Carbohydrates (sugars), Lipids (Fats), Nucleic Acid (DNA, RNA)

2. Macromolecule: Large molecules of the above that can be broken down.

• Ex. Starch into sugar

Biomolecules

1. Subunits: The smaller molecules that are the building blocks of macro molecules

• Sugars that make up starch or cellulose• Amino Acids that make up Proteins• Fatty acids and glycerol make up lipids

• So….What is the difference between a monomer and a polymer?????

Carbohydrates

•Made of: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms

•Job: provide living things with energy

•Examples: sugars and starches (corn, rice, potato, bread)

Carbohydrate• Simple vs. Complex

sugars

• Simple sugars:– Monosaccharide: – “One” “Sugar”– We will focus on glucose:

C6H1206

– The basic source of organism energy

DRAW THIS MOLECULEOf GLUCOSE

Simple Sugars:Carbohydrates• Simple Sugars:

– Disaccharide– “Two” “Sugars”

– Examples:– Table sugar: sugars=– Glucose +

Fructose

– Maltose= – Glucose +

Glucose

Complex Sugars:Polysaccharide

• “many sugars” Complex Sugar.

• Functions: Cells use them for energy and structure.

• They allow organisms to gradually use energy since it is stored in a large structure. (like the Bank)

Complex Sugars:Polysaccharide

– Starch : has thousands of glucoses (sugars) bonded together

………Thousands

Complex Sugars:Polysaccharides

• Cellulose: Makes up the walls of plant cells. Also made from glucose.

• Ruminants (cattle, sheep) can digest both cellulose and glucose.

• Humans can digest starch, but not cellulose»WHY??????????

Polysaccharides

• Glycogen: Animals store carbohydrates (glucose) in the form of glycogen; similar in form to starch. Why????

• This is why…– This is our reserve energy– Stored in liver and muscles– We do not want to lose our carbs all at once!!

Proteins

•Made of: Nitrogen, Carbon, Hydrogen, and other atoms

•Job: Many different jobs in our bodies

Proteins• Made of Amino Acid

Chains

• Amino Acids are bonded through a peptide bond

Each ball isAn AminoAcid.Bonded by PeptideBonds

There are 20Amino Acids

There are 20 different occurring amino acids

Protein Function

1. Building material: muscle, hair, fingernails2. Enzymes: Help with chemical reaction in the

cells and body (catalyst)3. Immunity: make up antibodies4. Other specific functions such as Hemoglobin:

carry O2 in red blood cells

Examples of Protein StructuresThe shape of protein is important to its function.

Enzyme: Quaternary Structure

Polymer

Lipids

•Made of: long chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms (with some oxygen).

•Examples: fats, waxes and oils (butter, cheese, oil)

Lipids (Fats)

• A common lipid is made of 3 fatty acids chains connected to a glycerol

Lipids (Fats)

• Glycerol: a type of alcohol. The back bone of Fats.

• 3 Fatty acid chains: Long chains of C & H– Saturated=as many C & H bonded as possible

(Solid at Room Temp.)– Unsaturated= C and C bonds can be double

(usually Liquid at Room Temp.)

Lipids (Fats) Functions

• The main energy storing molecule because of the high # of carbon to carbon bonds. Why are bonds important?

• …because they Store chemical energy• Lipids store more energy than any other

biomolecule– 9 Cal/gram = lipids– 4 Cal/gram = carbohydrates and proteins

Lipids (Fats) Functions• Insulate and protect

• Main molecule of the Cell membrane

• Make up some hormones (testosterone)

Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fat

Nucleic Acids

•Made of: Phosphorous, Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Hydrogen atoms

•Job: Store genetic information; aids in protein synthesis ( transcription and translation)

•Examples: DNA, RNA

Nucleotide

DNA vs. RNA

Polymer

Review Questions

• What type of bond connects Amino Acids?• What are lipids composed of?• What are three of the macromolecules of

carbohydrates? What is the sugar subunit?• What are the four types of elements that make

up biomolecules?

•Okay, Quiz Time!!!!!!

Biology Practice 9AMultiple Choice

Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

•____ 1. Which of the following does NOT describe a polymer? •a. Polymers are made of monomers. •b. Polymers are large molecules. •c. Polymers usually form by covalent bonding. •d. Polymers are broken down by the process of hydrogenation.

•____ 2. What are the basic building blocks of proteins? •a. nucleic acids c. amino acids •b. peptide bonds d. glycerol and fatty acids

•3. Which of the following macromolecules are a prominent part of animal tissues that function in •insulation, helping animals conserve heat? •a. Carbohydrates c. Proteins •b. Lipids d. Nucleic acids

•4. Which of the following is a primary function of a lipid? •a. To deliver messages between cells.•b. To assist in chemical reactions within cells.•c. To transport oxygen through the body.•d. To provide long-term storage of energy.

•5. Which of the following categories of organic molecules is correctly paired with one of its •functions? •a. nucleic acids—digest dead cells•b. lipids—give quick energy to cells•c. carbohydrates—store genetic information•d. proteins—provide structure in skin, hair, and nails

Cancer….Mitosis uncontrolled….

•A disease caused by an uncontrolled division of abnormal cells in a part of the body OR A malignant growth or tumor resulting from such a division of cells.

Review Questions

•1. Which is a characteristic of cancer? •a. rapid and uncontrolled cell growth •b. cell growth delayed at the G1 checkpoint. •c. cell growth delayed at the G2 checkpoint. •d. damage to a cell’s cytoplasm

•2. Cancer is a disorder in which some cells have lost the ability to control their •a. size. •b. spindle fibers. •c. growth rate. •d. surface area.

4-30-13

Demonstrate an understanding of the structure, function, and characteristics of viruses. 1. Notes ( Cornell Style)2. Quiz ( with your desk mates)3. Grade Quiz4. Reminders: Turn in extra credit, projects due

tomorrow, keep up with review notes ( due with next journal check!!!)

VIRUSES

TAKS Objective 3 TEKS 4C

Virus• They are parasites that only

replicate when they enter a host cell.

VIRUSParticle made up of nucleic acid, proteins and in some cases lipids

that can replicate ONLY by infecting living cells

Viruses Continued

• Viruses contain-– Nucleic Acids

• RNA• DNA

– -or-Proteins– -or-Lipids

– Capsid- Outer covering of all viruses• Viruses-

– size ≤ 1/100th of a prokaryotic cell– not made of cells– no metabolism by themselves

CAPSID• Outer protein coat of a virus• Viruses enter a living cell because the

proteins of the capsid bind to the cell’s membrane. Once inside the cell the virus replicates and the host cell is eventually destroyed.

QUESTION 1Do all viruses contain DNA as their nucleic

acid?

Answer:

•No• There are three common types of viruses-

• DNA viruses• RNA viruses

• Prions (Protein agents that cause disease)

DNA Virus RNA Virus

Prions are viral infections that affect the shape of proteins. Once infected, the protein changes from it’s unique shape to what they prion dictates.

VIRUSESBACTERIOPHAGE

INFLUENZA

Can viruses Evolve?

Viral Reproduction

LYTIC INFECTIONProcess in which a virus enters a cell,

makes many copies of itself, and causes

the cell to burst

LYSOGENIC INFECTIONProcess by which a virus embeds its DNA into the DNA of the

host cell and is replicated along with the host cell’s DNA

Comparing the two cycles

QUESTION 3•How does this compare to:

•Bacterial reproduction•Animal reproduction

CHARACTERISTICS VIRUS CELL

Structure DNA or RNA core, capsid Cell membrane, cytoplasm eukaryotes contain cell and nucleus

Reproduction Only within a host cell Independent cell division either sexually or asexually

Genetic code DNA or RNA DNA

Growth and Development

Yes, in multicellular cells increase in number and size

Obtain and Use Energy

Response to environment

Change over time

No

YesNo

Yes

No Yes

Yes

Viruses versus Cells

Question 4How do viruses cause

diseases and conditions such as AIDS, common colds, smallpox, influenza, and warts?

Question 5True or False. Viruses are

composed of a core of DNA or RNA surrounded by a capsid

QUESTION 6What do you think is the host for a

bacteriophage?

Types of Diseases

Gov. Perry Establishes HPV Vaccination Program for Young Women.Vaccine will save lives of Texas women by preventing cervical cancer caused by HPV

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P5RNAYlAxmoHerpeshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9iDZI8tteCU&mode=related&search=

Swine Flu http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VmHof8oREkQ

Diseases Caused by VirusesDisease Effect on Body Transmission

Common cold(Adenovirus)

Sneezing sore throat, fever, headache, muscle aches

Contact with contaminated objects; droplet inhalation

Influenza(Flu virus)

Body aches, fever, sore throat, nasal congestion, headache, dry cough, fatigue

Contact with contaminated objects; droplet inhalation

Smallpox (Variola virus)

High fever, fatigue head and back aches, rash

Contact with contaminated objects; droplet inhalation

Warts (Human papillomavirus)

Noncancerous growths on skin, internal membranes

Contact with warts

AIDS(Human Immuno-

deficiencyVirus, HIV)

Helper T cells, which are needed for normal immune system function, are destroyed

Contact with contaminated blood or bodily fluids, pregnant women to babies during delivery or during breastfeeding.

Other diseases caused by viruses• Common Cold• Influenza (Flu)• Dengue fever in Southeast Asia and South America • Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is caused by the Human

Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) • Hepatitis (inflammation of the liver, jaundice) • Herpes (cold sores, and genital herpes) • Rabies• Polio• Smallpox• Mumps • Yellow Fever is a viral hemorrhagic fever transmitted by infected

mosquitoes. • Measles, German measles• Warts • “Mad cow disease”?

QUESTION 7 Name 6 diseases caused by viruses

5-1-12

Students are to demonstrate an understanding of the functions and characteristics of plants, mechanisms of genetics ( and the evidence that supports it)1. Turn in Body Systems Projects2. Project Share Web Activity

5-2-13

Biology: Demonstrate an understanding of Transcription, translation, and changes of DNA

1. Review/Mind Refresher

2. Web-Quest: DNA/RNA/Mutations

3. Closure: Reminders

Reminders:Tomorrow Quiz Over:Plants, Evolution, DNA/RNA Transcription and Translation, Mutations, Genetics and Heredity ( Wednesday- Friday notes) Reviews due on: 5-9-13 ( day after the Biology EOC)- Test GradeStaff/Student Basketball Game Lesson: Genetics/Heredity Corrections to Projects due by Tomorrow!! ( by 3:50)