Host range

• Solanaceae: tomato, potato, eggplant, pepper, tobacco.

• Fabaceae: chickpea, lentil, vetch, faba bean, clover, peanut.

• Cruciferae: cabbage, cauliflower, rapeseed, horseradish, mustard.

• Cucurbitaceae: melon, watermelon, cucumber.• Asteraceae: sunflower, lettuce, safflower. • Umbelliferae: carrot, parsley, celery, dill. • Cannabiaceae: hemp.• Linaceae: flax.

O. aegyptiaca O. ramosa

O. crenata

• Umbelliferae: carrot, parsley, celery, dill.

• Fabaceae: chickpea, lentil, vetch, faba bean, clover, pea.

• Geraniaceae: Pelargonium graveolens.

• O. cernua (nodding broomrape)• Solanaceae: tomato, eggplant, tobacco. • Labiatae: clary sage (Salvia sclarea). • O. cumana (sunflower broomrape)• Asteraceae: sunflower. • O. minor (small broomrape)• Fabaceae: clover, alfalfa.

The Orobanche spices in Israel and there hosts

Two important types of Orobanche

Osproleon

Trionychon

O. cernua

Emerging O. aegyptiaca on tomato

O. ramosa

Why is it difficult to eradicate Orobanche ?

• Hidden underground location and hard to reach • The close and effective relationship of Haostorium parasite -

host root

• Complex and efficient mechanism for production of many seeds, spread seeds, sprouting seeds only in response to root discharge, durability and longevity of seeds

• You can not eradicate with herbicide which acting on the photosynthetic system

• The parasite goes above ground and become apparent only after considerable damage has been done and now it has been difficult to eradicate

Orobanche seeds characteristics that effect the eradication

• Tiny seeds from 50 to 300 microns in size • Multiple seeds - up to a million seeds for a plant • The seeds will mature, even after disconnecting

from the plant • Life of seeds - up to 30 years • Seed dispersal by water, wind, soil and animal

Seed dispersal by man: tractors and farm equipment, transportation of agricultural products and contaminated soil