Post on 10-Apr-2018
8/8/2019 Water Quality for Dairy Cows
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Kemin Industries, Inc. and its group of companies 2010 All rights reserved. Trademarks of Kemin Industries, Inc., U.S.A.
Water quantity and quality for
dairy cattle
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Kemin Industries, Inc. and its group of companies 2010 All rights reserved. Trademarks of Kemin Industries, Inc., U.S.A.
Water Quantity
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` 80-90% of the cows water needs comes from drinking water.
` Amount of water consumed depends on
` Body weight
` Age
` Milk yield
` Dry matter intake
` Temperature
` Relative humidity
`
Water temperature, quality, and availability` Moisture content of the feed
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Kemin Industries, Inc. and its group of companies 2010 All rights reserved. Trademarks of Kemin Industries, Inc., U.S.A.
Estimated water intake for a 1,350 lb. lactating cowproducing 40 100 lbs.
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Milk prod. DMI Mean Min. Temp.a
lbs./day lbs./day 40oF 50oF 60oF 70oF 80oF
40 42 18.4 20.2 22.0 23.7 25.5
60 48 21.8 23.5 25.3 27.1 28.9
80 54 25.1 26.9 28.7 30.4 32.2
100 60 28.5 30.3 32.1 33.8 35.6
Source: Water for Dairy Cattle. Guide D-107. New Mexico and Oklahoma
Cooperative Extension.aMean min. temp. is 10 to 15oF lower than mean daytime temp.bOne gallon of water weighs 8.34 lbs.
gallons per dayb
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Kemin Industries, Inc. and its group of companies 2010 All rights reserved. Trademarks of Kemin Industries, Inc., U.S.A.
What about non-lactating animals?
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` Dry cows` 7 to 13 gallons per day.
` Calves and heifers` 1 mo 1 to 2 gal.
` 2 mo 1.5 to 2.4 gal.
` 3 mo 2.1 to 2.8 gal.
`
4 mo 3.0 to 3.5 gal.` 5 mo 3.8 to 4.6 gal.
` 15 18 mo 5.9 to 7.1 gal.
` 18 24 mo 7.3 to 9.6 gal.
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Kemin Industries, Inc. and its group of companies 2010 All rights reserved. Trademarks of Kemin Industries, Inc., U.S.A.
Water Quality
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` pH` Total dissolved solids
` Nitrates
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Kemin Industries, Inc. and its group of companies 2010 All rights reserved. Trademarks of Kemin Industries, Inc., U.S.A.
Water pH
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` Recommendations - pH 6.5 to 8.5
` Lower and higher water pH may cause
acidosis problems.
` But the ration and the physical environment has
a greater impact.
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Kemin Industries, Inc. and its group of companies 2010 All rights reserved. Trademarks of Kemin Industries, Inc., U.S.A.
Total Di
ssolved Solid
s(T
DS)Intake
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` Salinity
` Sodium, Chloride, Bicarbonate, Sulfate, Calcium, andMagnesium
` No differences observed in drinking water intake on highsaline water (TDS = 4,400 mg/L) vs. low saline water duringcool temperatures.
` Differences observed during the summer months.` Higher water intakes observed on high saline water vs.
normal.
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Kemin Industries, Inc. and its group of companies 2010 All rights reserved. Trademarks of Kemin Industries, Inc., U.S.A.
How does water nitrate level affect
dairy cattle?
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Kemin Industries, Inc. and its group of companies 2010 All rights reserved. Trademarks of Kemin Industries, Inc., U.S.A.
Nitrate General Information
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Nitrate In the rumen source of N for synthesis of
bacterial protein Can be reduced to nitrite
Nitrites reduces oxygen-carrying capacity ofhemoglobin
Symptoms of acute nitrate poisoning
Asphyxiation and labored breathing Rapid pulse
Frothing
Blue muzzle/bluish tint around eyes
Chocolate-brown blood
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Kemin Industries, Inc. and its group of companies 2010 All rights reserved. Trademarks of Kemin Industries, Inc., U.S.A.
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DMI Feed NO3-N Factor NO3-N intake
lbs. ppm mg
Corn silage 14.3 1200 .454 7791
Haylage 7.9 580 .454 2080Hay 1.7 200 .454 154
Shelled corn 9.2 30 .454 125
Canola 4.6 20 .454 42
Roasted beans 3.1 24 .454 34
Soybean meal (HT) 1.4 20 .454 13
Cottonseed hulls 3.6 3 .454 5
Cookie meal 4.1 15 .454 28
Sugar 2.1 - - -
Min-vit mix 1.9 - - -
54.0 10,272
Ration Nitrates
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Kemin Industries, Inc. and its group of companies 2010 All rights reserved. Trademarks of Kemin Industries, Inc., U.S.A.
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DMI Feed NO3-N Factor NO3-N intake
lbs. ppm mg
Corn silage 14.3 1200 .454 7791
Haylage 7.9 580 .454 2080
Hay 1.7 200 .454 154Shelled corn 9.2 30 .454 125
Canola 4.6 20 .454 42
Roasted beans3.1 24 .454 34
Soybean meal (HT) 1.4 20 .454 13
Cottonseed hulls 3.6 3 .454 5
Cookie meal 4.1 15 .454 28
Sugar 2.1 - - -
Min-vit mix 1.9 - - -
54.0 10,272
Water 258 20 .454 2343
Total 13,070
Nitrates: Ration + Water
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Kemin Industries, Inc. and its group of companies 2010 All rights reserved. Trademarks of Kemin Industries, Inc., U.S.A.
Nitrates Total Ration
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` 13,070/454,000 / 54 x 100 = 0.053% NO3 - N content of total diet as
%DM
(Reasonable level is 0.04 to 0.09%)
Possible problems Total diet, ppm
None up to 400
Impaired infertility 401-1300
Reduced gains 1301 1700
Clinical symptoms over 1700
Convert % to ppm - 0.053% X 10,000 = 530 ppm
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DMI Feed NO3-N Factor NO3-N intake
lbs. ppm mg
Corn silage 14.3 1200 .454 7791
Haylage 7.9 580 .454 2080
Hay 1.7 200 .454 154
Shelled corn 9.2 30 .454 125
Canola 4.6 20 .454 42
Roasted beans 3.1 24 .454 34
Soybean meal (HT) 1.4 20 .454 13
Cottonseed hulls 3.6 3 .454 5
Cookie meal 4.1 15 .454 28
Sugar 2.1 - - -
Min-vit mix 1.9 - - -
54.0 10,272
Water 258 200 .454 23,426
Total 33,698
Nitrates: Ration + Water
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Nitrates Total Ration
33,698 /454,000 / 54 x 100 = 0.14% NO3-N content of total diet as
%DM
(Reasonable level is 0.04 to 0.09%)
Possible problems Total diet, ppm
None up to 400
Impaired infertility 401-1300
Reduced gains 1301 1700
Clinical symptoms over 1700
Convert % to ppm - 0.14% X 10,000 = 1400 ppm
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Kemin Industries, Inc. and its group of companies 2010 All rights reserved. Trademarks of Kemin Industries, Inc., U.S.A.
General Recommendations
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` Test suspected forages/water
` Suspected or high nitrate forages
` Introduce gradually -adaptation reduces risks
` Limit meal size
` Feed more frequently
` Feed at least 3-5 pounds of grain
` Limit dry matter intake/single meal if forage contains > 1100ppm NO3-N.
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Summary
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` Water is important both quantity and quality.
` Very little research is available to define lower and upper limits of when
problems will occur.` Rely on commonsense
` Handling problem herds
` Water is unlikely the sole problem, but it may be a contributing factor.
` Nutrition and feeding management affect cows more that water, undernormal conditions.
` If water quality is an issue, calves, young stock, and dry cows probably areexperiencing problems as well as lactating cows.
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Kemin Industries, Inc. and its group of companies 2010 All rights reserved. Trademarks of Kemin Industries, Inc., U.S.A.
Thank You
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