Post on 22-Jun-2015
description
Water Use in China: Ensuring a Sustainable
Future
Water Quality and Urban Wastewater Management in China
Yusha HuJanuary 21, 2009
Beijing Energy & Environment RoundtableHosted by Beijing Energy Network
WATER RESOURCES
HUMAN USE
Presentation will focus on the process of returning water to the natural environment
Why focus here?
“The water pollution problem is the biggest headache. While pollution in
some areas has been controlled, overall we feel that there is no fundamental improvement.”
Vice Minister Suo Lisheng of the People’s Republic of China (PRC)’s Ministry of Water Resources (2001-2005),
2005 interview
Class IV-V+0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Porportion of Surface Water Graded Unfit for Human Contact in Major
Rivers, Lakes and Reservoirs of China in 2006
Pe
rce
nt
Cla
ssifi
ed
Cla
ss I
V-V
+
Source: Hu, Hongying and Yudong Song. 2006. Water environmental situation and control in China. ESPC Key State JointLaboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Tsinghua University.
54% 72%
Source: World Bank 2006, data from China Environmental statistics Yearbook (various years)
Average Water Qualities in Northern
and Southern Rivers(1991-2005)
COD/BOD NitrogenInorganic (Organic matter)
(Heavy metals, etc)
Domestic IndustryAgriculture
Who's polluting what?
Ministry of Water Resources2005 Statistic Bulletin on China Water Activities
65%
25%
11%
AgriculturalIndustrialDomestic (Urban & Rural)
Distribution of Water Use Across Sectors
China's Urban Wastewater Management
The Impact of Policy and Financing
Current Situation and Goals
Source: World Bank 2007: Improving the Performance of China's Urban Water Utilities
Capacity vs. Performance
Huge variation in performance:
Bottom 1/3 using less than 50% of hydraulic design capacity, top 1/3 using nearly 100%
China National Auditing Office:
77% of audited wastewater treatment plants were underutilized
Source: World Bank 2007: Improving the Performance of China's Urban Water Utilities
No Money for Operation or Maintenance
Source: World Bank 2007: Improving the Performance of China's Urban Water Utilities
Prices too low for water and discharge fees
Wastewater not reaching treatment plant
Wastewater plant Run by BOT joint
venture, private firm, or privatized government department
Drainage network Typically run by
district and municipal drainage department
No integration!
Source: World Bank 2007: Improving the Performance of China's Urban Water Utilities
Efforts to Improve Performance
11th 5-Year Plan Water Treatment Investments
Source: World Bank 2007: Improving the Performance of China's Urban Water Utilities
A closer look: Differences between cities
Source: World Bank 2007: Improving the Performance of China's Urban Water Utilities
Source: World Bank 2007: Improving the Performance of China's Urban Water Utilities
High investment from municipal governments
For Perspective: South Korea
Source: World Development Indicators & S. Korea Ministry of Environment Statistical Yearbook, cited in World Bank 2007: Improving the Performance of China's Urban Water Utilities
Korean GDP per Capita vs. Percent Wastewater treated
Current standards based on the body of water a plant is discharging to, not the economic situation of the city
Can be as high as Class IA: secondary, tertiary treatment required
Uniform Standards or Transitional Standards?
Source: World Bank 2007: Improving the Performance of China's Urban Water Utilities
Standards must reflect reasonable goals and take into account resources of the city
Marginal cost of meeting extremely high standards better spent in other sectors of pollution abatement
Transitional standards!
Integrated Wastewater Management Drainage networks and treatment plants need to be
run by same entity
Decrease municipal investment, allow less complicated and more flexible private sector participation
Higher progressively priced water tariffs
Set enforceable standards
Lessons Learned and Conclusions
Source: World Bank 2007: Improving the Performance of China's Urban Water Utilities