Post on 13-Apr-2017
Inaam Ahamad Khan
The Water Chemistry Presentation
For
PREPARED & PRESENTED BY
…Water You Can Count ON…
On xx/xx/xx
References & AcknowledgementThe Inter-Islamic Network On Water Resources
Development and Management Workshop in Egypt, &
Water Chemistry & Treatment Presentation By Inaam Ahamad Khan
Several International Organisation like WHO, EPA, AWWA, NSF, ASTM, SM etc.
Information from Books & Cyberspace
My sons Iftekhar & Ahfaz for getting an idea of animation
If I speak slow or fast!
Important
This presentation is for non technical peoples
Please Tell me when I need to clarify a point
Max graphics and photos are used for better explanation
Goal of PresentationThe importance of water in our planet
The chemistry involve in water
Importance of water chemistry
Importance of water analysis
The danger of pollution in our life
Selection of water treatment processes
This presentation is in two parts
What is Chemistry ?
What is Water ?
What is Water Chemistry ?
Only For You
What Is Water• Foundation of Our Beautiful Planet
• Foundation of Things Around Us
• Essence Of Life
• Pure in Nature is Rare and Not Good For Life
• Our Planet Water Is Billions of Years Old
RAINBOWS
Beauty of Water Drop
RAINBOWSYou See
RAIN DROP
Reflection
WHITE LIGHT
Primary Bow
Secondary Bow
RAINBOWS
Color of Sea?
• White light is the full spectrum of rainbow colors
• Red is absorbed first by seawater
• Violet Blue or Green does not penetrate as other color
• Due to some reasons you see different colors of the sea
Salt water In Oceans
2.14 % - glaciers
0.61 % - ground water
0.009 %- surface water (lakes and rivers)
0.005 % - soil moisture
0.001 %- water vapor in the atmosphere
97.23 %
Distribution of Our Planet Water
Distribution of Our Planet Water
Distribution of Our Planet Water
Oceans (97 %)
Salt water
Ice Caps, Glaciers & Ground
Water (2.9%)
Lakes, Rivers,Atmosphere
& Soil Moisture Water
(0.014%)
Fresh water
End users**30.3
Rest of Industry10.3
Rest of Manufacturing6.1
Services16.4
Metal products2.5
Industrial machinery1.9
Office machines0.700000000000001
Electrical goods3.9
Agriculture6.4
Textile & clothing6.3
Construction5.4 Automotive
5.3
Paper & printing products
4.5
Use of Our 1% Water
Some Interesting Facts About DevelopmentComputer Chips 300 Steps 7570 Liter
Tire 7850 LiterCar 14800 Liter
These Consumption is from 1% of Fresh Water available easily for us
One Egg 50 LiterOne Chicken to Process 440 Liter
One barrel of Crude oil refining 7010 Liter
One person food to grow 6440 Liter
20
40 billion
The number of hours spent each year in Africa due to the need to collect and haul water
Please Do Remember ?
Source: Blue Planet Run, Smolan, Erwitt
5.3 billion
The number of people - two-thirds of the world's population - who will suffer from water shortages by 2025
1.1 billion
The number of people worldwide - 1 in every 6 - without access to clean water
1.8 million
The number of children who die each year from waterborne diseases - one every 15 seconds
Please Do Remember ?
Water Scarcity is a global problem today…Please Do Remember ?
Please Do Remember ?
Inorganic substance – 1%
Carbohydrate– 5%Fat– 10%
Protein– 18%
Water– 66%
Importance of water
Importance of water
60% of your body
Importance of water
Importance of water
The hydrologic cycle
The hydrologic cycle
The amount of water in the hydrologic cycle never change
Its Quality Changes
How Water Balance Earth Energy
6%4%
100 70%
51%
26%
38%
6%20%
19%
What Is ChemistryChemistry is The Central Science
• Foundation of All Other sciences,
• Embraces All Other Sciences,
• Simplify the Understanding of Universe
• The Study of Properties and Changes in Matter
What Is ChemistryCentral Science
Chemistry changes the way you look at the world.
When you know chemistry, there’s a new level of looking at the world around you.
WHY THE SKY BLUE ?
Our Atmosphere is Primarily Nitrogen
N2
WHY THE SKY BLUE ?
INCOMING SOLAR RADIATION
NITROGEN MOLECULE
INCOMING SOLAR RADIATION
NITROGEN MOLECULE
Sunlight consists of all the colors of the
rainbow. Of all these colors, the blue light
interacts with nitrogen,
The blue light is scattered by the
Nitrogen,
WHY THE SKY BLUE ?
What actually happens is that the outer electrons of the Nitrogen molecule absorb just the blue light,
WHY IS THE SKY BLUE ?
WHY SUNRISES ARE RED?
Dust Particles
WHY SUNRISES ARE RED?
Dust Particles in the atmosphere selectively absorb the short wavelength radiation and allow the longer
wavelength red, orange and yellow wave to pass through,
WHY SUNRISES ARE RED?
First part is finished
Question Please?
Thank You
After tea break II parts will start
Total Discovered Elements
EniG-pse.exe
25 of 92 natural elements are known to be essential to life on Earth
Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen and Nitrogen
Four of the above make up 96%
Elements Building Blocks
Hydrogen Nitrogen-7
Oxygen-8Carbon-6
Electron shell
NucleusHydrogen (H) Helium (He)
Orbit
The Atom
Proton Neutron Electron
Nucleus
Electron shell / Electron cloud
The Atom
Electron Spin in an Atom
Electron Spin Clouds in an Atom
Molecules Building Blocks
Hydrogen
Element
H
Hydrogen
Element
H
Hydrogen Molecule
H2
Molecules & Compound Building Blocks
Hydrogen
Hydrogen
Carbon-6
Hydrogen
HydrogenCompounds are two or more elements that share electrons or
have taken or given electrons away.
Molecules & Compound Building Blocks
Hydrogen
Hydrogen
Carbon-6
Hydrogen
Hydrogen
Molecules & Compound Building Blocks
H +
Fe +++
Fe ++
Al +++
Ca ++
Na +
HCO3 -
Cl -
OH -
CO3 - -
PO4 - - -
NO3 -
SO4 - -
Forms water with hydroxide and acids with anions
Forms bases with hydroxides and salts with anions
Forms hardness compound, bases with hydroxides and salts
with anionsForms acid with hydrogen
and salts with metals
Forms water with hydrogen and base with cations
Sulphuric Acid
CATIONS ANIONS
H + SO4 - -
Na + Cl -
Mg ++
Forms base with hydroxide and soluble salts with anions
Ions & Compound
H +
Sodium Chloride
Water Molecule
H2O
An Abundant Liquid
Hydrogen
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Compounds are two or more elements that share electrons or have taken or given electrons away.
Water Molecules Building Blocks
Specific heat– Resists changes in temperatureLatent heat of fusion– Heat required to change liquid stateLatent heat of vaporization– Heat released when Its evaporates
Some Important PropertiesABNORMAL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Heat capacity highest of all liquids,Latent heat of fusion highest except ammonia,Thermal conductivity highest of all liquids,Thermal expansion max. at 40 C( increases with salinity)Surface tension highest of all liquids,
Comparison to other compounds of similar structures ( H2Te, H2Se, H2S etc.)
Should freeze at – 1000C but it freezes at 00C
Should boil at - 900C but it boils at 1000C
Should have a density of 1.84 g/cm3 but the density is 1.0 g/cm3
The maximum density at 40C (which is ice) is less then liquid water,
Some Important PropertiesABNORMAL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Comparison to other compounds of similar structures ( H2Te, H2Se, H2S etc.)
Cohesion and Adhesion– Keeps liquid molecules close
Surface Tension– A thin skin forms on liquid upper layer
(The inward force, or pull that tends to minimize the surface area of a liquid)
Diffusion– When solute is added it diffuses in liquid
Osmosis– Diffusion of liquid across a permeable membrane from high concentration low concentration
waterUp-thrust– This upward force create Buoyancy
Some Important PropertiesABNORMAL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Example of Some Properties
Water-conductingcells
Adhesion
Cohesion150 µm
Directionof water
movement
Water Evaporate
Some Important Properties
Cohesion and Adhesion– Keeps liquid molecules close
Some Important Properties
Dilute Solution
MoreConcentrated
Solution
Diffusion & Osmotic Pressure
Diffusion & Osmosis is also very important for controlling the movement of materials into and out of
the cell in our body and for interacting with the environment surrounding the body
What Makes Water So Special?Its five important properties
• Physical Properties
• Solvent Properties
• Heat Capacity (Temperature Effect)
• Density
• Viscosity
A – Liquid
Property 1 – Physical states
B – Solid
C – Gas
Hydrogen Bond
Five important properties
• Physical Properties
• Solvent Properties
• Heat Capacity (Temperature Effect)
• Density
• Viscosity
+ -
+ + + -
- -
- -
-
- +
-
+ -
104.5°
+ -
+ + + -
- -
- -
-
-
+ -
+ -
109°
A – Liquid
B – Solid
C – Gas
How Water Change It’s State
Property 2 – Solvent Property
The Universal Solvent
Its five important properties
• Physical Properties
• Solvent Properties
• Heat Capacity (Temperature Effect)
• Density
• Viscosity
The water molecule is a polar molecule
Negative end
Positive ends
The water molecule is a polar molecule
Hydrogen Bond
The Universal Solvent
OO
Na+ Cl-O
OOO
Wax does not repel water
OO
Oildroplet
O
OO
Soaps & Detergents
OO
OildropletO
OO
SO4-
SO4-SO4
-
SO4-
SO4- SO4
-
O
Property 3– Heat Capacity (Temperature Effect)
Water resist change in temperature,Thus water must gain or lose more heat for temperature to change
High heat capacity makes water a good insulator to heat changes
Latent heat of fusion is very high and latent heat of vaporization much greater than latent heat of fusion
Five important properties
• Physical Properties
• Solvent Properties
• Heat Capacity (Temperature Effect)
• Density
• Viscosity
Property 3– Heat Capacity (Temperature Effect)
SignificanceDissolved oxygen content in waterPhysiological processes in bodiesBio-organism SafetyDensity implicationsThis prevents blood of animals & water in plant tissue to stay as liquid and not freeze in winter
This means water does not freeze and does not evaporates easily
Five important properties
A never reachable scenario – salt water nevercompletely freezes.
Hence has no freezing point.
Freshwater does though.
This would mean that as more ice forms in the ocean,the ocean gets more concentrated with salt.
Property 3– Heat Capacity (Temperature Effect)
Five important properties
Ice
Property 3– Heat Capacity (Temperature Effect)
Five important properties
Water
Property 3– Heat Capacity (Temperature Effect)
Five important properties
Water Hot Water
Property 3– Heat Capacity (Temperature Effect)
Five important properties
Steam
Property 3– Heat Capacity (Temperature Effect)
Five important properties
How Water Balance Earth Energy
64
10070
51
26
38
620
19
Some Example of Heat Capacity
The Temperature cycle
Property 4– Density ?
Five important properties
Density changes with temperature and Purity of substance
mass (g)Density (ρ) = ---------------------
volume (cm3)
density of substanceRelative Density = ----------------------------
density of water
• Physical Properties
• Solvent Properties
• Heat Capacity (Temperature Effect)
• Density
• Viscosity
Substance Mass (g) Volume (cm3)
Density (g/cm3)
Wood 10 20.00 0.50
Ice 10 10.90 0.92
Water 10 10.00 1.00
Aluminum 10 3.70 2.70
Lead 10 0.88 11.00
Property 4– Density ?
Some Example of Density
Some Example of Density
• The sea has greater depths than the highest peaks on land.
• The Marianas Trench is 11.04 km deep!
• Mt Everest is about 9 km high
Property 5– Viscosity
Five important properties
Water is more viscous than air
Mango juice and syrup is more viscous than water
Viscosity is the resistance of a liquid and water is 800 times more viscous than air
Again hydrogen bonds plays an important role in viscosity of water
Physical Properties
Solvent Properties
Heat Capacity (Temperature Effect)
Density
Viscosity
Some Example of ViscosityBulky animals Having difficulty in swimming
through colder, more viscous waters
Migration of whales seasonally
A 200C Decrease in temperature doubles the viscosity
Shape of animals & plants
Beauty of Water & Chemistry
First session finished
Question Please?
Please Wait for water chemistry example
Please do not miss water chemistry session
Thank You
Beauty of Water Chemistry