Post on 04-Feb-2022
Wastewater Recycle Wastewater Recycle
and Reuse and Reuse
Brijesh Sikka, Director (NRCD)
Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt. of India
18th April, 2012
Recycle & reuse Recycle & reuse -- Guiding principleGuiding principle
Water of higher quality Water of higher quality
should not be used for should not be used for an application an application
that can tolerate inferior that can tolerate inferior qualityquality
United Nations United Nations -- 19561956
Global demand for water is fast outstripping Global demand for water is fast outstripping
supplysupply
India possesses 4% of the World’s fresh water but is home to 17% of India possesses 4% of the World’s fresh water but is home to 17% of
global population; Water use efficiency for irrigation is approx. 65%global population; Water use efficiency for irrigation is approx. 65%
Source: McKinsey Report;
Charting our Water Future - 2030
Sewage Generation and Treatment Sewage Generation and Treatment
Capacity in Metropolitan Cities in IndiaCapacity in Metropolitan Cities in India
Source: CPCB Report Series: CUPS/70/2009-10STATUS OF WATER SUPPLY, WASTEWATER GENERATION AND TREATMENT IN CLASS-I CITIES & CLASS-II TOWNS OF
INDIA
Sewage Generation of ClassSewage Generation of Class--I Cities I Cities
and Class and Class ––II towns in IndiaII towns in India
Resource SustainabilityResource Sustainability
Fresh Water Recycled Water
– Source availability and location – Captive resource
– Allocation (reservations for
various applications)
– No issues with allocations
– Interstate disputes – No interstate disputes
– Increased O&M – theft,
pipeline management
– Reduced O&M, short
distances
– Higher cost to industries – Lower cost to industries
Reuse CategoriesReuse Categories
• Unrestricted/restricted urban reuse
• Agricultural reuse for food and non-food crops
• Recreational Impoundments
• Intrusion barrier
• Environmental wetlands
Reuse Categories (continued) Reuse Categories (continued)
• Industrial reuse
• Groundwater recharge
• Indirect potable reuse
- Spreading basins
- Injection
- Surface water augmentation
• Direct potable reuse
Successful Recycle and Reuse Successful Recycle and Reuse
ProgramProgram
Recycle and Reuse Recycle and Reuse –– Action ItemsAction Items
Major Major concerns on concerns on Reuse Reuse WaterWater
Usage Usage type type of recycled water?of recycled water?
Availability of Availability of treatment technologiestreatment technologies??
Operability and Reliability?Operability and Reliability?
Consistently Consistently meeting water quality meeting water quality standardsstandards??
Health Issues? or Health Issues? or
Plain and simple Plain and simple –– “Mind “Mind -- Psychology” Psychology”
International Reuse GuidelinesInternational Reuse Guidelines
WHOWHO
1989 Guidelines for the safe use of 1989 Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater in agriculture and aquaculturewastewater in agriculture and aquaculture
Guidelines for safe recreational water Guidelines for safe recreational water environmentsenvironments
Guidelines for drinkingGuidelines for drinking--water qualitywater quality
US EPA US EPA
Reuse Guidelines Reuse Guidelines –– 1992 & 20041992 & 2004
Safe Drinking Water ActSafe Drinking Water Act
Worldwide Daily rates of Water ReuWorldwide Daily rates of Water Reusese
Source: WERF Membrane Reuse Document - 2004
Country Daily Rates of Water
Reuse – 1000 cu m/day
Reference
Australia 368 Australia Bureau of Statistics
Bahrain 26 Ukayli and Husain, 1988
China 1380 Pinjing et al., 2001
Israel 958 Kabir, 2000
Italy 106 Barbagallo et al., 2001
Japan 564 Ogoshi et al., 2001
Kuwait 227 Uitto and Schneider, 1997
Morocco 12 Sheikh, 2001
Oman 68.5 Uitto and Schneider, 1997
Qatar 65 Uitto and Schneider, 1997
Saudi Arabia 595 Uitto and Schneider, 1997
United Arab Emirates 351 Uitto and Schneider, 1997
United States 3865 Solley et al., 1998
Yeman 68 Sheikh, 2001
Way ForwardWay Forward
• Provide incentives to industries and agencies
using reclaimed water
• Address legal and institutional issues
• Develop India-specific Reuse Guidance Document
• Promote educational & public awareness
programmes for recycle and reuse for non-potable
and indirect potable applications
• Develop funding alternatives for reuse projects
Sewage
Potable
water
High quality
water for all
applications
Advanced treatment
for source water
augmentation
New approach to sustainability should be to convert
Sewage Treatment Plants into Water Factories to
achieve the Millennium Goals