Post on 01-Jan-2016
Waste ReductionImprove the Environment
and Reduce Costs
Climate Change – Why worry?
Climate relatively stable for the last 10,000 years
The average sea level around the UK is now about 10cm higher than it was in 1900. Source: Cox et al. [2000]
Climate Change – Thermohaline Circulation (THC)
Heat from the equator is dispersed
Stream turned off 13,000 years ago Source: Hadley Centre
Recent research indicates a 30% reduction in the current
Climate Change – Thermohaline Circulation
Source:Source: Hadley Centre
Climate Change – Why worry?
Source: Hadley Centre
1.5 °C could cause – Greenland ice sheet – 3 Million Km3
– 7m rise in sea levels– 10,000 billions of metric tons of methane
hydrates to destabilise
Government action- Environmental impact
–Landfill waste reduction–Product life cycle–Emissions reduction–Energy use reduction
Economic climate change
Competition for energy Rising fuel prices Increased pressure to comply with
legislation Increased need to cut overheads and
production costs
Reduce Waste
Cost for manufacturers– For every tonne of household waste produced,
commercial, industrial and construction businesses produce another six tonnes
– 5 million tonnes of hazardous waste in England and Wales every year
– Manufacturers could save around 1% of turnover through simple, yet effective, techniques to minimise waste
Source: Defra
Increase Energy Efficiency
SMEs are wasting as much as 30 % of their energy, equal to £1.1 billion or an average of £7,000 per business
– Motors are the biggest energy wasters» Use a variable speed drive» A 50 % reduction in speed = 87.5 % reduction in
energy consumption» This could mean payback time of less than one
year
– Lighting Energy saving bulbs Turn unused lights off
– Heating Air conditioning can double your energy
bills– Buy energy efficient equipment and maintain it
Compressors can often be wasting £30 in every £100
– Reduce use of materials, packaging– Reduce transport costs by sourcing locally
Increase Energy Efficiency
Energy UnitsMultiple Name Symbol Multipl
eName Symbol
100 watt-hour W·h
103 kilowatt-hour kW·h 10–3 milliwatt-hour mW·h
106 megawatt-hour MW·h 10–6 microwatt-hour µW·h
109 gigawatt-hour GW·h 10–9 nanowatt-hour nW·h
1012 terawatt-hour TW·h 10–12 picowatt-hour pW·h
1015 petawatt-hour PW·h 10–15 femtowatt-hour fW·h
1018 exawatt-hour EW·h 10–18 attowatt-hour aW·h
1021 zettawatt-hour ZW·h 10–21 zeptowatt-hour zW·h
1024 yottawatt-hour YW·h 10–24 yoctowatt-hour yW·h
Food Miles
a term which refers to the distance food travels from the time of its production until it reaches the consumer or end-user. It is one dimension used in assessing the environmental impact of food.
is part of a broader issue of sustainability which deals with a large range of issues, including local food
the direct environmental, social and economic costs of food transport are over £9 billion each year
How Food Travels Recent findings indicate that it is not only how far
the food has traveled but how it has traveled that is important to consider.
The positive environmental effects of specialist organic farming may be offset by increased transportation, unless it is produced by local farms.
But even then the logistics and effects on other local traffic may play a big role.
Also, many trips by personal cars to external shopping centres would have a negative environmental impact compared to a few truck loads to neighborhood stores that can be easily accessed by walking or cycling.
A locavore endeavors to eat food from within a foodshed having a radius of 100 miles.
Criticism of food miles A comparison total energy used in food
production in Europe and New Zealand, taking into account energy used to ship the food to Europe for consumers.
New Zealand agriculture tends to apply less fertilisers (which require large amounts of energy to produce and cause significant CO2 emissions)
and animals are able to graze year round outside eating grass instead of large quantities of brought-in feed such as concentrates.
Dairy is twice as efficient, Sheepmeat four times as efficient Apples: NZ is more energy efficient
Reduce transport costs by sourcing locally
Food Miles Companies with under 100 tons of fruit per
year have an overall energy turnover of 1.1 to 2.5 kWh/litre while companies with more than 2,000 tons per year have less than 0.5 kWh/l.
Just in terms of transport and distribution, small fruit companies need 0.5-0.8 kWh/l while even though they are covering large distances, the large companies use only 0.1-0.3 kWh/l.
Comparative shipping Cost
Unit Operations
Equipment
Continuous operations
UHT
Concentration of Liquids
Refrigeration
Reveres Cycle Heating
Fermentation of Waste
Cofermentation– Using food industry waste combined
with waste from other sources such as sewage.