Warm upWhich approach comes to mind for each of the

following…

1. Unconscious mind, primitive urges vs. morality

2. Self-actualization3. Brain, nervous system4. Socioeconomic, culture5. Observable behaviors,

reinforcement/punishment6. Memory, thought process

Psychologist- individuals who have been trained to observe, analyze and evaluate behavior.

Psychiatrist- Treat individuals with disturbed behavior. Psychiatrist CAN prescribe medicine.

SOOO… who actually uses these approaches?!

GOALS OF PSYCHOLOGY

Why study animals and humans?

GOAL #1 - DESCRIBEGather information about a behavior being studied

Present what is known

What is a behavior?

GOAL #2- EXPLANATIONBeyond just stating facts

WHY

Psychological principles- valid ideas about behavior

Proposed as a hypothesis

Complex explanations : THEORIES

GOAL #3- PREDICTIONAFTER knowledge has been accumulated

What is my dog going to do next?How will Lanae feel when her mom yells at

her?

Study past behaviors

GOAL #4- INFLUENCEBasic science- research

How can what we already know help others?Applied science- solve problems

How do we know this is accurate?SCIENTIFIC METHOD

Facts are based on data through RESEARCH

PAGE 36-41: RESEARCHSTEP ONE-

STEP TWO-

STEP THREE-

SAMPLEREPRESENTATIVE

NONREPRESENTATIVE

AVOIDING NONREPRESENTATIVE1.

2.

How far can an average 50 year old man run?

Representative- includes a wide variety of 50 year old men

Nonrepresentative- includes a variety of 50 year old men, 95% who are marathon runners

METHODSNaturalistic Observation- observes the

individual/animal in their natural setting (unaware)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r3np1TeltSU

What is a PRO about this method?

METHODSCase Study- intensive study on one or more

individuals

These can NOT be generalized!!!

METHODSSurveys- many individuals asked a

set of questions

METHODSLongitudinal Study- Same group of

individuals studied at set intervals for a long range of time.

Focus on change in characteristics

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nM-yKeJg-So

METHODSCross-Sectional Studies- data is collected

from groups of different ages then compared

What might this type of study help psychologists figure out?

CorrelationRelationship between two sets of data

Can be positive OR negative, or show no correlation

Correlation does NOT equal causation

EXPERIMENTSHow would this differ from the

previous research methods?

EXPERIMENTScontrol the situationVariable-factor which is capable of change

INDEPENDENT VS. DEPENDENT

The experimenter can change or alter

Experimental group is exposed to this variable

Changes in relation to the independent variable (if there is an affect)

We are becoming psychologists!