Post on 10-Jan-2017
VTI notat 51A-2005Published 2005
www.vti.se/publications
VOLVO D12C 420 Euro 3 engineEmission measurements for VTI and COST 346
Anders Hedbom
Ulf Hammarström (Editor)
Preface VTI has on commission of VINNOVA and the Swedish Road Administration (SRA) participated in COST 346: ”Emissions and fuel consumption from heavy duty vehicles”. In this commission VTI has engaged AVL MTC Motortestcenter AB. The research efforts at AVL MTC have been executed by Anders Hedbom. This report, VTI notat 51A-2005, constitutes a documentation of exhaust emission measurements for one engine, VOLVO D12C 420 Euro 3. In the COST 346 project AVL MTC has performed exhaust emission measurements on three engines in total.
Project leader at VTI has been Ulf Hammarström. Contact persons: Carl Naumburg at VINNOVA and Håkan Johansson at SRA. Gunilla Sjöberg, VTI, has performed the final revision of this document.
Linköping, December 2005 Ulf Hammarström
VTI notat 51A-2005
VTI notat 51A-2005
Contents Page 1 Engine and measuring arrangements 1 2 Facilities 13 3 Program 17 4 Results 21
VTI notat 51A-2005
VTI notat 51A-2005
1 Engine and measuring arrangements
VTI notat 51A-2005 1
2 VTI notat 51A-2005
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
data
VOLVO D12C 420 ENGINE•• 6 INLINE CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE6 INLINE CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE
•• TURBO, AIR/AIR INTERCOOLERTURBO, AIR/AIR INTERCOOLER
•• ELECTRONIC UNIT INJECTORSELECTRONIC UNIT INJECTORS
•• 4 VALVES PER CYLINDER4 VALVES PER CYLINDER
•• SWEPT VOLUME 12.1 LITRESSWEPT VOLUME 12.1 LITRES
•• EURO3 EURO3 —— EMEM--EC99EC99
•• MAX. POWER 420 hp (309 kW) @ 1800 rpmMAX. POWER 420 hp (309 kW) @ 1800 rpm
•• MAX. TORQUE 2000 Nm @ 1050MAX. TORQUE 2000 Nm @ 1050--1450 rpm1450 rpm
•• COMPRESSION RATIO 18.1:1COMPRESSION RATIO 18.1:1
•• MAX. EXHAUST BRAKE 285 kW @ 2300 rpmMAX. EXHAUST BRAKE 285 kW @ 2300 rpm
VOLVO FM12
•• MODEL YEAR 2001MODEL YEAR 2001•• 6 x 2 RIGID6 x 2 RIGID•• NET VEHICLE WEIGHT 11 800 kgNET VEHICLE WEIGHT 11 800 kg•• GROSS VEHICLE WEIGHT 29 600 kgGROSS VEHICLE WEIGHT 29 600 kg
Figure 1 Rental truck Type approval according to 99/96/EC.
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
Figure 2 Right view from brochure Exhaust manifold Turbo – intercooler.
VTI notat 51A-2005 3
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
Figure 3 Left view from brochure Inlet manifold Engine ECU.
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
Figure 4 Engine in reality.
4 VTI notat 51A-2005
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
Figure 5 Front view Intercooler and fan from vehicle Fan locked in fixedposition. Corrections made to net power according to 80/1269/EC.
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
Figure 6 Exhaust manifold Turbo compressor and turbine.
VTI notat 51A-2005 5
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
Figure 7 Connection to torque shaft and brake.
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
Figure 8 Left view Engine ECU Vehicle ECU.
6 VTI notat 51A-2005
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
Figure 9 Vehicle ECU.
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
Figure 10 Network and units needed for communication between engine and vehicle ECU’s.
VTI notat 51A-2005 7
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
Figure 11 Engine actuator – pedal potentiometer from vehicle.
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
Figure 12 Combustion air intake. Temperature and pressure measurement.
8 VTI notat 51A-2005
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
Figure 13 Intake manifold. Temperature and pressure measurement.
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
Figure 14 Exhaust gas pipe. Temperature and pressure measurement.
VTI notat 51A-2005 9
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
Figure 15 Exhaust manifold – turbine. Lambda sensor.
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
Figure 16 Etas lambda meter.
10 VTI notat 51A-2005
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
Figure 17 Indimaster equipment.
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
Figure 18 Crank angle measurement; 720 marks per revolution; 2,880 pulses per cycle.
VTI notat 51A-2005 11
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
Figure 19 Connection to engine ECU brooken. All communication via a connected brake-out box instead.
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
Figure 20 Break-out box.
12 VTI notat 51A-2005
2 Facilities
VTI notat 51A-2005 13
14 VTI notat 51A-2005
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
FlameIonizationAnalyzer
HORIBA
HC Diluted
FlameIonizationAnalyzer
HORIBA
HC Direct
HORIBA
NO Direct
NO x
/ CO
Dilu
ted
HC
Dilu
ted
HC Direct
HORIBA
NOx / CO Direct
NOx/CO/CO2O2Direct
NOx/CO/CO2Diluted
CVSControl Unit
Dilution Air On LineDilution Air Bag Diluted Sample Bag
Eng
ine
Exha
ust
Upper Floor
Blower Unit
DilutionAir System
AVLTransputer
Unregulated Emissions Sampling
AVLTransputer ELIN
MEXA-9400D
HORIBA
Analyzer
Ionization
Chemiluminescent
Direct
MEXA-9400D
HORIBA
InfraredAnalyzer
Flame IonizationAnalyzer
ChemiluminescentAnalyzer
Diluted
AVL PUMAEngine Test SystemPUMA 5ISAC 200
Muffler
FuelConditioning
MassFlow Fuel
AVL 415
Mass FlowSensyflow
CombustionAir
Torque shaft
Insulated 5” exhaust pipe
Magnetopneumatic-detection
BackpressureValve
Flow Controller
Pump dehumid Pump dehumid
TRANSIENT HEAVY DUTYENGINE TEST BED
Heated sample lineSample lineWire
Line SelectorLine 1
Line 2
Eng
ine
Exha
ust
Eng
ine
Exha
ust
ELPI PSSRS 330
AVL 439
Infrared
FlameAnalyzer
Analyzer
AVL 670 Indimaster
V&F MS
TRANSIENT HEAVY DUTYENGINE TEST BED
Figure 21Fully transient asynchronous brakeDual analysing systemsFull flow tunnel system
VTI notat 51A-2005 15
16 VTI notat 51A-2005
3 Program
VTI notat 51A-2005 17
18 VTI notat 51A-2005
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
programMEASUREMENT PROGRAM
MTC PROGRAMMTC PROGRAM
FULLOAD PERFORMANCEFULLOAD PERFORMANCESTEADY STATE CYCLESSTEADY STATE CYCLES
► ECE R49► ESC► ARTEMIS SS 29 POINTS + 5► ARTEMIS SS 15 POINTS + 2
TRANSIENT CYCLESTRANSIENT CYCLES► ETC► ELR► TNO-REAL WORLD CYCLE► TUG-REAL WORLD CYCLE
ALL CYCLES REPEATED 3 TIMESPROGRAM PERFORMED WITH 2 DIFFERENT DIESEL FUELS
ARTEMIS PROGRAMARTEMIS PROGRAM
FULLOAD PERFORMANCEFULLOAD PERFORMANCESTEADY STATE CYCLESSTEADY STATE CYCLES
► ECE R49► ESC► ARTEMIS SS 29 POINTS► ARTEMIS SS 15 POINTS
TRANSIENT CYCLESTRANSIENT CYCLES► ETC
► ELR► TNO-REAL WORLD CYCLE► TUG-REAL WORLD CYCLE
ARTEMIS PROGRAMARTEMIS PROGRAM
FULLOAD PERFORMANCEFULLOAD PERFORMANCESTEADY STATE CYCLESSTEADY STATE CYCLES
►► ECE R49ECE R49►► ESCESC►► ARTEMIS SS 29 POINTSARTEMIS SS 29 POINTS►► ARTEMIS SS 15 POINTSARTEMIS SS 15 POINTS
MTC PROGRAMMTC PROGRAM
FULLOAD PERFORMANCEFULLOAD PERFORMANCESTEADY STATE CYCLESSTEADY STATE CYCLES
►► ECE R49ECE R49►► ESCESC►► ARTEMIS SS 29 POINTS + 10ARTEMIS SS 29 POINTS + 10►► ARTEMIS SS 15 POINTSARTEMIS SS 15 POINTS
►► ETCETC
►► ELRELR►► TNOTNO--REAL WORLD CYCLEREAL WORLD CYCLE►► TUGTUG--REAL WORLD CYCLEREAL WORLD CYCLE
►► ETCETC►► ELRELRELR►► TNOTNO--REAL WORLD CYCLE REAL WORLD CYCLE (12.5 kW/ton)(12.5 kW/ton)
►► TUGTUGTUG---REAL WORLD CYCLEREAL WORLD CYCLEREAL WORLD CYCLE
ALL CYCLES RUN TWICEPROGRAM PERFORMED WITH SWEDISH EC1 DIESEL FUELUNDERLINED CYCLES ALSO RUN AS SINGLE TESTS WITH REFERENCE FUEL
Figure 22
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
fuelFUEL KEY PARAMETERS
CEC RF-06-99 EC1Cetan Number 52,3 51,3Cetan Index 51,8Density @ 15°C kg/m³ 834,0 816,9Viscosity @ 40°C cSt 2,945 1,959Calorific Value MJ/kg 43,18 43,14CFPP °C -26 < -35Flash Point °C 83 69Aromatics total %vol 22,0 4,6 Monoaromatics %vol 18,1 4,3 Diaromatics %vol 3,9 0,2 Polyaromatics, tri and higher %vol 0,1 < 0,02Sulphur content mg/kg 50 3Distillation IBP °C 185,9 50 % recovered @ °C 270 235,0 90 % recovered @ °C 269,3 95 % recovered @ °C 345 279,7 FBP °C 349 290,9HFRR µm 403 235
RESULTANALYSIS UNIT
Figure 23 Major differencies: Density, Viscosity, Aromatic content, Sulphur content, Destillation curve.
VTI notat 51A-2005 19
20 VTI notat 51A-2005
4 Results
VTI notat 51A-2005 21
22 VTI notat 51A-2005
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
FULLOAD PERFORMANCEVOLVO D12C 420 RF AND EC1 FUEL
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 1900 2100
engine speed, rpm
torq
ue, N
m; N
Ox
rate
, g/h
40
80
120
160
200
240
280
320
360
400
440
480
pow
er, k
W; m
g/st
torque, Nm
NOx rate, g/h
power, kW
mg/st
Based on measurements 2042Q002+2042Q003
RF FUEL EC1 FUEL
Figure 24 Measurements have been performed with two fuel qualities, EC1 and RF fuel, see figure 23 Mg/st: milligram fuel per engine stroke.
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
FULLOAD PERFORMANCEVOLVO D12C 420 & SCANIA DC12 01 RF FUEL
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 1900 2100 2300 2500
engine speed, rpm
torq
ue, N
m; N
Ox
rate
, g/h
40
80
120
160
200
240
280
320
360
400
440
480
pow
er, k
W; m
g/st
torque, Nm NOx rate, g/h power, kW mg/stkW
Based on measurements 2042Q002+2042Q003+5728Q008
Figure 25 Comparison of measured results for VOLVO D12C and SCANIA DC 1201 (without dots). Note the fuel cut-off region for the SCANIA. SCANIA DC 12 01 was the first engine in the Swedish COST 346 measuring campaign.
VTI notat 51A-2005 23
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
FULLOAD PERFORMANCEVOLVO D12C 420 RF FUEL
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 1900 2100
engine speed, rpm
torq
ue, N
m
0
40
80
120
160
200
240
280
320
360
400
440
pow
er, k
W
Based on measurements 2042Q002
nlo = 50% * Pmax
910 rpm
nhi = 70% * Pmax
1945 rpm
VOLVO HOMOLOGATION: nlo = 950 rpm nhi = 1950 rpm
A = 1200 rpmB = 1450 rpmC = 1700 rpm
A B C
CONTROL AREAESC
Figure 26 Emission control area for the Volvo engine.
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
FULLOAD PERFORMANCEVOLVO D12C 420 RF FUEL
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 1900 2100
engine speed, rpm
torq
ue, N
m
0
40
80
120
160
200
240
280
320
360
400
440
pow
er, k
W
Based on measurements 2042Q002+2042R004
nlo = 50% * Pmax
910 rpm
nhi = 70% * Pmax
1945 rpm
VOLVO HOMOLOGATION: nlo = 950 rpm nhi = 1950 rpm
A = 1200 rpmB = 1450 rpmC = 1700 rpm
A B C
ETC POINT DISTRIBUTION
Figure 27 ETC point distribution in relation to ESC area (A–B–C). Majority of points in ETC around 1,400 rpm.
24 VTI notat 51A-2005
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
FULLOAD PERFORMANCETUG FUEL
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 1900 2100 2300 2500
engine speed, rpm
torq
ue, N
m
0
40
80
120
160
200
240
280
320
360
400
440
pow
er, k
W
Based on measurements 5728Q008+5728R039
nlo = 50% * Pmax
909 rpm
SCANIA HOMOLOGATION: nlo = 900 rpm
nhi = 2300 rpm A = 1250 rpmB = 1600 rpmC = 1950 rpm
A B C
nhi = 70% * Pmax
2275 rpm
nref = 2230 rpm
ETC POINT DISTRIBUTION
Figure 28 ETC point distribution in relation to the ESC area (A–B–C) for SCANIA DC 1201 engine running on TUG/RF fuel. Majority of points in ETC around 1,550 rpm for the SCANIA engine.
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
STEADY STATE CYCLE MEASUREMENT POINTSVOLVO D12C 420
-50
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130
norm. engine speed, %
pow
er, k
W
fulload performance, VOLVO D12C 420, kW ARTEMIS 29 POINTS ESC CYCLE ECE R49 EXTRA MOTORING AND HIGH IDLE
Based on measurements 2042Q001
Figure 29 Extra motoring and high idle points. With a full load curve consisting of 23 emission measurements there are alltogether 103 points included in the map calculation. Some of the points though overlaping.
VTI notat 51A-2005 25
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100SPEED[RPM]
TOR
QU
E [N
m]
-300
0
300
600
900
1200
1500
1800
2100
2400
2700
0100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
12001200
1200
823
931
1180
1202
120912121161
12541297
12491235
113610561024956
863
772712
683640
580
539
452
000
146195 237 254 251
292
248 246
374
548
309
342
646
352
616
609 747
648676
831
814
9291047
982
1226
1297
68
210
387
622
820
956
81
1204
885
604
288
200
7967
01
10
216196162103
6270
151 236 237
322 316
603
619
511543
792
767
10131185
1158
83
1036
526
814
489
762
312
1222
317
1122
299
792
534
VOLVO D12C420NOx g/h EC1 fuel
Date 2003-05-31Time 18:05:20Anders Hedbom
Series in PC-TRR files Net versi2002 juli-dec 2042Q003.AAD 2002 juli-dec 2042A002.AAD 2002 juli-dec 2042M002.AAD 2002 juli-dec 2042X003.AAD 2002 juli-dec 2042B002.AAD 2002 juli-dec 2042S004.AAD
Map calculations based on Artemis SS29 (A-file), Artemis SS15 (B-file), full load (Q-file), ECE R49 (M-file) and ESC (S-file) measurements together with 10 extra points (X-file).
Test id 2042A002.AADTest date 17-DEC-02Test time 19:13:47Operator: K-E.Å/U.S
Figure 30
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
G_N
OX
[g/h
]
-200
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
SPEED [RPM]600
8001000
12001400
16001800
2000
TORQUE [Nm] 0300600900120015001800
VOLVO D12C420NOx g/h EC1 fuel
Date 2003-10-13Time 15:11:01Anders Hedbom
Map calculations based on Artemis SS29 (A-file), Artemis SS15 (B-file), full load (Q-file), ECE R49 (M-file) and ESC (S-file) measurements together with 10 extra points (X-file).
Test id 2042A002.AADTest date 17-DEC-02Test time 19:13:47Operator: K-E.Å/U.S
Figure 31 (Tendency of a ditch between 1,200–1,700 rpm.)
26 VTI notat 51A-2005
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100SPEED[RPM]
TOR
QU
E [N
m]
-300
0
300
600
900
1200
1500
1800
2100
2400
2700
0 00.50.5
11
1.5 2 2.53 3.5 4
4
4
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
5
5
5.5
5.5
5.5
6
6
6.5
6.5
6.5
7
7
7.5
7.5
8 8.59
9.5
9.5
10
1010
10.5
10.5
10.510.5
11
11
11
11
11.5
11.5
11.5
12
12
12
12.5
12.5
12.5
13
13
13
13.5 13.513.5
14 14
14
14.5 14.514.5
1515
1515.5
15.5 16
16
16.5
16.517
17
17.51818.51919.5
2020.52121.52222.52323
.524
5,3
4,9
4,6
4,4
4,24,34,1
4,54,7
4,64,7
4,64,44,54,5
4,7
5,15,1
5,55,7
5,9
6,3
6,9
-0,0-0,0-0,0
14,89,3 10,4 9,3 9,2
11,8
9,2 8,4
7,7
10,0
4,3
4,4
7,8
4,1
6,6
5,5 5,5
4,24,0
4,6
3,9
4,3
4,3
3,9
4,7
4,7
542,5
10,5
7,6
5,9
5,1
4,5
445,0
4,3
4,2
4,2
4,1
7,5
382,2-33,4
-0,0-0,0
-0,0-0,0
-943,11519,6592,477,5
-11,0-146,9
11,7 10,2 8,6
4,6 4,5
6,7
5,6
3,93,9
3,9
3,6
4,34,4
4,1
4,4
3,9
4,0
4,1
4,3
5,4
4,5
4,6
4,0
4,2
3,7
3,8
VOLVO D12C420NOx g/kWh EC1 fuel
Date 2003-05-31Time 18:05:47Anders Hedbom
Series in PC-TRR files Net versi2002 juli-dec 2042Q003.AAD 2002 juli-dec 2042A002.AAD 2002 juli-dec 2042M002.AAD 2002 juli-dec 2042X003.AAD 2002 juli-dec 2042B002.AAD 2002 juli-dec 2042S004.AAD
Map calculations based on Artemis SS29 (A-file), Artemis SS15 (B-file), full load (Q-file), ECE R49 (M-file) and ESC (S-file) measurements together with 10 extra points (X-file).
Test id 2042A002.AADTest date 17-DEC-02Test time 19:13:47Operator: K-E.Å/U.S
Figure 32
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
SP_
NO
X [g
/kW
h]
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
SPEED [RPM]
600800
100012001400160018002000
TORQUE [Nm]
0300
600900
12001500
1800
VOLVO D12C420NOx g/kWh EC1 fuel
Date 2003-10-13Time 15:12:48Anders Hedbom
Map calculations based on Artemis SS29 (A-file), Artemis SS15 (B-file), full load (Q-file), ECE R49 (M-file) and ESC (S-file) measurements together with 10 extra points (X-file).
Test id 2042A002.AADTest date 17-DEC-02Test time 19:13:47Operator: K-E.Å/U.S
Figure 33
VTI notat 51A-2005 27
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100SPEED[RPM]
TOR
QU
E [N
m]
-300
0
300
600
900
1200
1500
1800
2100
2400
2700
50
100
100150
150150
200
200
250300350
400
450
450
500
500
500
55055060
0
99
96
119
139
156149
148139
136
150180
280318443611
526
464524
446376
355
289
229
322
2338 51 63 72
24
80 94
37
32
113
63
83
78
66
456 211
7877
570
103
263129
134
202
127
9
39
42
77
186
606
9
155
95
88
119
106
910
22
23
106795126
119
23 51 72
101 114
67
424
7075
138
140
381162
166
10
435
73
128
69
217
49
163
72
142
108
122
97
VOLVO D12C420CO g/h EC1 fuel
Date 2003-05-31Time 18:06:13Anders Hedbom
Series in PC-TRR files Net versi2002 juli-dec 2042Q003.AAD 2002 juli-dec 2042A002.AAD 2002 juli-dec 2042M002.AAD 2002 juli-dec 2042X003.AAD 2002 juli-dec 2042B002.AAD 2002 juli-dec 2042S004.AAD
Map calculations based on Artemis SS29 (A-file), Artemis SS15 (B-file), full load (Q-file), ECE R49 (M-file) and ESC (S-file) measurements together with 10 extra points (X-file).
Test id 2042A002.AADTest date 17-DEC-02Test time 19:13:47Operator: K-E.Å/U.S
Figure 34
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
G_C
O [g
/h]
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
SPEED [RPM]600
8001000
12001400
16001800
2000
TORQUE [Nm] 0300600900120015001800
VOLVO D12C420CO g/h EC1 fuel
Date 2003-10-13Time 15:13:14Anders Hedbom
Map calculations based on Artemis SS29 (A-file), Artemis SS15 (B-file), full load (Q-file), ECE R49 (M-file) and ESC (S-file) measurements together with 10 extra points (X-file).
Test id 2042A002.AADTest date 17-DEC-02Test time 19:13:47Operator: K-E.Å/U.S
Figure 35
28 VTI notat 51A-2005
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100SPEED[RPM]
TOR
QU
E [N
m]
-300
0
300
600
900
1200
1500
1800
2100
2400
2700
00 0
0.5
0.5
0.5 0.5
0.5
1
1
1.5
1.5
2
2
2.5
2.5
3
3
3.53.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
4 4 44
4
4
4.5 4.5
4.5
4.55 5 55
5.5 5.55.5 5.5
6
6
6
6
6.5
6.5
6.5
6.5
7
77
77.5
7.5 7.5 7.5
88 8
8.58.5 8.59
999.5 9.51010
.5 1111.5
0,64
0,50
0,46
0,51
0,550,520,530,49
0,49
0,550,69
1,131,341,942,85
2,88
3,063,77
3,603,37
3,62
3,39
3,48
-0,06-0,08-0,11
2,331,83 2,25 2,31 2,64
0,99
2,94 3,20
0,76
0,58
1,58
0,81
1,00
0,91
0,71
4,12 1,55
0,500,46
3,17
0,49
1,230,52
0,53
0,78
0,46
71,45
1,96
0,82
0,73
1,16
2,85
51,12
0,55
0,45
0,62
1,68
3,98
44,72-4,85
-0,13-0,08
-0,06-0,05
-464,49608,85186,5019,48
-1,88-18,34
1,77 2,21 2,60
1,44 1,61
0,74
3,80
0,540,54
0,67
0,66
1,630,60
0,59
1,84
0,54
0,63
0,57
1,22
0,84
0,60
1,05
0,51
1,52
0,58
0,69
VOLVO D12C420CO g/kWh EC1 fuel
Date 2003-05-31Time 18:06:41Anders Hedbom
Series in PC-TRR files Net versi2002 juli-dec 2042Q003.AAD 2002 juli-dec 2042A002.AAD 2002 juli-dec 2042M002.AAD 2002 juli-dec 2042X003.AAD 2002 juli-dec 2042B002.AAD 2002 juli-dec 2042S004.AAD
Map calculations based on Artemis SS29 (A-file), Artemis SS15 (B-file), full load (Q-file), ECE R49 (M-file) and ESC (S-file) measurements together with 10 extra points (X-file).
Test id 2042A002.AADTest date 17-DEC-02Test time 19:13:47Operator: K-E.Å/U.S
Figure 36 (Maximum about 4 g/kWh at full load and low speed (SCANIA max 14).)
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
SP
_CO
[g/k
Wh]
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
SPEED [RPM]
600800100012001400160018002000
TORQUE [Nm]
0300
600900
12001500
1800
VOLVO D12C420CO g/kWh EC1 fuel
Date 2003-10-13Time 15:13:38Anders Hedbom
Map calculations based on Artemis SS29 (A-file), Artemis SS15 (B-file), full load (Q-file), ECE R49 (M-file) and ESC (S-file) measurements together with 10 extra points (X-file).
Test id 2042A002.AADTest date 17-DEC-02Test time 19:13:47Operator: K-E.Å/U.S
Figure 37
VTI notat 51A-2005 29
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100SPEED[RPM]
TOR
QU
E [N
m]
-300
0
300
600
900
1200
1500
1800
2100
2400
2700
44
8 8
8
12 12 12
12
12
12
1620
20
24
24
24
28
28
32
32
3640
40
444852
565660
60,2
63,7
61,9
58,6
55,047,044,243,1
38,3
30,724,2
19,215,712,511,4
10,9
10,88,6
11,312,2
13,1
13,0
13,0
10,68,26,3
13,319,9 27,1 35,4 41,2
17,6
45,2 54,2
25,0
21,6
55,2
37,5
22,0
43,7
24,3
16,8 19,1
31,240,1
15,9
46,8
19,730,9
42,1
27,4
39,2
10,4
23,0
27,2
25,1
17,8
14,4
10,1
56,6
48,8
49,7
49,0
54,1
10,19,7
7,08,6
10,613,3
48,341,430,924,9
13,110,0
16,7 30,6 41,0
56,6 60,3
24,4
14,5
30,339,6
33,6
44,9
14,627,3
50,3
9,5
20,4
29,6
31,9
20,8
19,0
22,6
31,0
32,1
43,0
42,4
46,3
41,2
VOLVO D12C420HC g/h EC1 fuel
Date 2003-05-31Time 18:07:06Anders Hedbom
Series in PC-TRR files Net versi2002 juli-dec 2042Q003.AAD 2002 juli-dec 2042A002.AAD 2002 juli-dec 2042M002.AAD 2002 juli-dec 2042X003.AAD 2002 juli-dec 2042B002.AAD 2002 juli-dec 2042S004.AAD
Map calculations based on Artemis SS29 (A-file), Artemis SS15 (B-file), full load (Q-file), ECE R49 (M-file) and ESC (S-file) measurements together with 10 extra points (X-file).
Test id 2042A002.AADTest date 17-DEC-02Test time 19:13:47Operator: K-E.Å/U.S
Figure 38
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
G_H
C [g
/h]
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
SPEED [RPM]600
8001000
12001400
16001800
2000
TORQUE [Nm] 0300600900120015001800
VOLVO D12C420HC g/h EC1 fuel
Date 2003-10-13Time 15:13:58Anders Hedbom
Map calculations based on Artemis SS29 (A-file), Artemis SS15 (B-file), full load (Q-file), ECE R49 (M-file) and ESC (S-file) measurements together with 10 extra points (X-file).
Test id 2042A002.AADTest date 17-DEC-02Test time 19:13:47Operator: K-E.Å/U.S
Figure 39
30 VTI notat 51A-2005
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100SPEED[RPM]
TOR
QU
E [N
m]
-300
0
300
600
900
1200
1500
1800
2100
2400
2700
0.1
0.1
0.2 0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.50.6
0.70.80.9
11.1
1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,2
0,20,2
0,20,2
0,1
0,10,1
0,10,10,10,1
0,1
0,10,1
0,10,1
0,1
0,2
0,2
-0,2-0,3-0,4
1,30,9 1,2 1,3 1,5
0,7
1,7 1,8
0,5
0,4
0,8
0,5
0,3
0,5
0,3
0,2 0,1
0,20,2
0,1
0,2
0,1
0,1
0,2
0,1
0,1
83,0
1,1
0,5
0,2
0,1
0,1
55,4
0,2
0,2
0,3
0,7
2,0
48,7-4,8
-0,4-0,3
-0,2-0,2
-211,1320,5112,818,7
-2,3-20,8
1,3 1,3 1,5
0,8 0,8
0,3
0,1
0,20,3
0,2
0,2
0,10,1
0,2
0,1
0,2
0,2
0,2
0,1
0,4
0,1
0,5
0,2
0,6
0,2
0,3
VOLVO D12C420HC g/kWh EC1 fuel
Date 2003-05-31Time 18:07:33Anders Hedbom
Series in PC-TRR files Net versi2002 juli-dec 2042Q003.AAD 2002 juli-dec 2042A002.AAD 2002 juli-dec 2042M002.AAD 2002 juli-dec 2042X003.AAD 2002 juli-dec 2042B002.AAD 2002 juli-dec 2042S004.AAD
Map calculations based on Artemis SS29 (A-file), Artemis SS15 (B-file), full load (Q-file), ECE R49 (M-file) and ESC (S-file) measurements together with 10 extra points (X-file).
Test id 2042A002.AADTest date 17-DEC-02Test time 19:13:47Operator: K-E.Å/U.S
Figure 40
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
SP_H
C [
g/kW
h]
-0,2
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
1,2
1,4
1,6
1,8
SPEED [RPM]
600800100012001400160018002000TORQUE [Nm]
0400
8001200
1600
VOLVO D12C420HC g/kWh EC1 fuel
Date 2003-10-13Time 15:14:16Anders Hedbom
Map calculations based on Artemis SS29 (A-file), Artemis SS15 (B-file), full load (Q-file), ECE R49 (M-file) and ESC (S-file) measurements together with 10 extra points (X-file).
Test id 2042A002.AADTest date 17-DEC-02Test time 19:13:47Operator: K-E.Å/U.S
Figure 41
VTI notat 51A-2005 31
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100SPEED[RPM]
TOR
QU
E [N
m]
-300
0
300
600
900
1200
1500
1800
2100
2400
2700
00.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.65
0.7
0.75
0.8
0.85
0.9
0.951
0,601
0,712
0,931
0,984
1,0281,0151,012
0,9870,962
0,9430,896
0,8520,8280,7880,730
0,624
0,5190,485
0,4280,386
0,342
0,300
0,234
0,0000,0030,001
0,0570,091 0,122 0,142 0,150
0,101
0,161 0,186
0,173
0,192
0,324
0,298
0,285
0,342
0,319
0,387 0,465
0,5520,604
0,618
0,769
0,7520,856
0,916
0,886
0,957
0,018
0,105
0,200
0,367
0,544
0,725
0,022
1,013
0,773
0,548
0,330
0,197
0,0220,016
-0,002-0,002
0,0000,002
0,1640,1100,0700,044
0,0180,018
0,058 0,121 0,155
0,311 0,328
0,314
0,387
0,4690,511
0,731
0,779
0,8190,940
1,014
0,022
0,834
0,496
0,729
0,433
0,630
0,223
0,943
0,277
1,006
0,312
0,789
0,542
VOLVO D12C420FUEL g/min EC1 fuel
Date 2003-05-31Time 18:08:01Anders Hedbom
Series in PC-TRR files Net versi2002 juli-dec 2042Q003.AAD 2002 juli-dec 2042A002.AAD 2002 juli-dec 2042M002.AAD 2002 juli-dec 2042X003.AAD 2002 juli-dec 2042B002.AAD 2002 juli-dec 2042S004.AAD
Map calculations based on Artemis SS29 (A-file), Artemis SS15 (B-file), full load (Q-file), ECE R49 (M-file) and ESC (S-file) measurements together with 10 extra points (X-file).
Test id 2042A002.AADTest date 17-DEC-02Test time 19:13:47Operator: K-E.Å/U.S
Figure 42
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
G_F
UEL
[kg/
min
]
-0,2
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
1,2
1,4
1,6
1,8
SPEED [RPM]600
8001000
12001400
16001800
2000
TORQUE [Nm] 0300
600900120015001800
VOLVO D12C420FUEL g/min EC1 fuel
Date 2003-10-13Time 15:14:37Anders Hedbom
Map calculations based on Artemis SS29 (A-file), Artemis SS15 (B-file), full load (Q-file), ECE R49 (M-file) and ESC (S-file) measurements together with 10 extra points (X-file).
Test id 2042A002.AADTest date 17-DEC-02Test time 19:13:47Operator: K-E.Å/U.S
Figure 43
32 VTI notat 51A-2005
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100SPEED[RPM]
TOR
QU
E [N
m]
-300
0
300
600
900
1200
1500
1800
2100
2400
2700
150155160165170175180185190195200205
205
205
205
210
210
210
210
215
215
220
220
225
225
230
230
235
235
240
240
245
245
245
250
250
250
255
255
255
260
260
265
265
270
270
275
275
280
280
285285
290290
295
295 300300
231
224
217
217
216215216210
207
206205
206209207205
205
206209
207208
210
211
213
-0-6-3
343260 322 314 330
246
357 380
213
211
272
229
206
239
206
210 204
213216
206
220
211209
219
205
206
8723
314
236
207
203
205
7348
217
219
230
280
444
6372-476
94
-0-1
-4298850926153391972
-195-2200
270 313 335
265 277
208
208
217220
213
222
210208
217
211
219
214
215
213
229
207
242
215
264
223
231
VOLVO D12C420FUEL g/kWh EC1 fuel
Date 2003-05-31Time 18:08:27Anders Hedbom
Series in PC-TRR files Net versi2002 juli-dec 2042Q003.AAD 2002 juli-dec 2042A002.AAD 2002 juli-dec 2042M002.AAD 2002 juli-dec 2042X003.AAD 2002 juli-dec 2042B002.AAD 2002 juli-dec 2042S004.AAD
Map calculations based on Artemis SS29 (A-file), Artemis SS15 (B-file), full load (Q-file), ECE R49 (M-file) and ESC (S-file) measurements together with 10 extra points (X-file).
Test id 2042A002.AADTest date 17-DEC-02Test time 19:13:47Operator: K-E.Å/U.S
Figure 44
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
SP_F
UEL
[g/k
Wh]
160180200220240260280300320340360
SPEED [RPM]
600800100012001400160018002000
TORQUE [Nm]
0300
600900
12001500
1800
VOLVO D12C420FUEL g/kWh EC1 fuel
Date 2003-10-13Time 15:14:53Anders Hedbom
Map calculations based on Artemis SS29 (A-file), Artemis SS15 (B-file), full load (Q-file), ECE R49 (M-file) and ESC (S-file) measurements together with 10 extra points (X-file).
Test id 2042A002.AADTest date 17-DEC-02Test time 19:13:47Operator: K-E.Å/U.S
Figure 45
VTI notat 51A-2005 33
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100SPEED [RPM]
TOR
QU
E [N
m]
-300
0
300
600
900
1200
1500
1800
2100
2400
2700
0
00
24
6
8
8
8
10
10
12
12
14
14
14
1618
18
18,6
14,9
13,9
13,1
14,713,312,910,1
7,88,2
8,29,610,812,212,1
10,7
10,511
9,17,4
76
4,5
0,90,40,7
11,6 2,1 3 3,8
1
5,8 8,5
2
1,6
21,6
6,2
2,9
10,4
5,5
8,1 7,8
8,49,1
11,3
13,9
11,49,5
14,9
8,4
7,6
0,1
1,4
2,7
6,9
7,7
11,6
-0,5
14,5
13,4
18,1
26,2
17,1
-0,5 0,5
-0,1 -0,4 0,30,2
11,93,40,50,1
-0,5-0,1
0,4 1,7 2,7
17,7 23,4
5,1
7,5
9,112,1
13,4
22,2
13,59,6
16
0,6
15,1
9,3
12
8,9
12,2
2,4
8,8
5,6
13,7
14,5
14,9
18,9
Series in PC-TRR files Net vers2002 juli-decþ2042Q003.AAD2002 juli-decþ2042A002.AAD2002 juli-decþ2042M002.AAD2002 juli-decþ2042X003.AAD2002 juli-decþ2042B002.AAD2002 juli-decþ2042S004.AAD
VOLVO D12C420PM g/h EC1 fuel
Date 2003-10-13Time 15:15:57Anders Hedbom
Map calculations based on Artemis SS29 (A-file), Artemis SS15 (B-file), full load (Q-file), ECE R49 (M-file) and ESC (S-file) measurements together with 10 extra points (X-file).
Test id 2042A002.AADTest date 17-DEC-02Test time 19:13:47Operator: K-E.Å/U.S
PM measured by TEOM instrument.
Figure 46
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
G_T
EOM
[g/h
]
-8
0
8
16
24
32
40
48
56
64
72
SPEED [RPM]600
8001000
12001400
16001800
2000
TORQUE [Nm] 0300600900120015001800
VOLVO D12C420PM g/h EC1 fuel
Date 2003-10-13Time 15:15:09Anders Hedbom
Map calculations based on Artemis SS29 (A-file), Artemis SS15 (B-file), full load (Q-file), ECE R49 (M-file) and ESC (S-file) measurements together with 10 extra points (X-file).
Test id 2042A002.AADTest date 17-DEC-02Test time 19:13:47Operator: K-E.Å/U.S
PM measured by TEOM instrument.
Figure 47
34 VTI notat 51A-2005
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100SPEED [RPM]
TOR
QU
E [N
m]
-300
0
300
600
900
1200
1500
1800
2100
2400
2700
0 0 0 0
0,05
0,05
0,05
0,05
0,05
0,05
0,10,1
0,1
0,1
0,150,20,250,30,35
0,35 0,40,4
0,450,50,550,60,65
0,7 0,750,8
0,85
0,12
0,08
0,05
0,05
0,050,050,050,04
0,030,03
0,030,040,050,050,06
0,06
0,070,08
0,070,07
0,070,07
0,07
-0,02-0,01-0,04
0,10,07 0,09 0,11 0,14
0,04
0,21 0,29
0,04
0,03
0,3
0,08
0,04
0,12
0,06
0,07 0,06
0,050,05
0,06
0,07
0,050,04
0,06
0,03
0,03
-0,42
0,07
0,05
0,06
0,05
0,05
3,67
0,05
0,06
0,13
0,37
0,64
4,92-0,26
0,01 0,02 -0,01-0
0,790,390,110,03
0,090,07
0,03 0,08 0,1
0,25 0,33
0,06
0,07
0,070,09
0,07
0,11
0,060,04
0,06
-1,87
0,06
0,07
0,06
0,07
0,07
0,04
0,03
0,08
0,05
0,21
0,07
0,13
Series in PC-TRR files Net vers2002 juli-decþ2042Q003.AAD2002 juli-decþ2042A002.AAD2002 juli-decþ2042M002.AAD2002 juli-decþ2042X003.AAD2002 juli-decþ2042B002.AAD2002 juli-decþ2042S004.AAD
VOLVO D12C420PM g/kWh EC1 fuel
Date 2003-10-13Time 15:15:36Anders Hedbom
Map calculations based on Artemis SS29 (A-file), Artemis SS15 (B-file), full load (Q-file), ECE R49 (M-file) and ESC (S-file) measurements together with 10 extra points (X-file).
Test id 2042A002.AADTest date 17-DEC-02Test time 19:13:47Operator: K-E.Å/U.S
PM measured by TEOM instrument.
Figure 48
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
SP_
TEO
M [g
/kW
h]
-0,10,00,10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,9
SPEED [RPM]
600800
1000120014001600
18002000
TORQUE [Nm]
0300
600900
1200
15001800
VOLVO D12C420PM g/kWh EC1 fuel
Date 2003-10-13Time 15:16:14Anders Hedbom
Map calculations based on Artemis SS29 (A-file), Artemis SS15 (B-file), full load (Q-file), ECE R49 (M-file) and ESC (S-file) measurements together with 10 extra points (X-file).
Test id 2042A002.AADTest date 17-DEC-02Test time 19:13:47Operator: K-E.Å/U.S
PM measured by TEOM instrument.
Figure 49
VTI notat 51A-2005 35
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100SPEED [rpm]
TOR
QU
E [N
m]
-300
0
300
600
900
1200
1500
1800
2100
2400
2700
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,544,5
55,566,577,5
8 88,5 8,599,51010,5
1111,51212,513
2,4
2,2
1,93
1,86
1,81,791,76
1,741,67
1,61,54
1,461,431,381,31
1,31
1,331,31
1,331,34
1,341,36
1,36
16,4216,4216,42
5,564,57 4,16 4,1 4,15
3,48
4,22 4,23
2,78
2,1
2,98
2,4
1,58
2,62
1,78
1,32 1,46
1,822
1,3
2,04
1,481,69
1,86
1,53
1,69
11,28
4,4
2,61
1,72
1,45
1,31
10,37
1,81
2,03
2,37
3,16
4,43
9,98 12,44
16,42 16,4316,42
16,42
4,995,876,938,4
13,3710,43
5,46 4,16 4,14
2,94 3,04
1,77
1,33
1,912,12
1,75
1,95
1,421,59
1,78
9,9
1,39
2,04
1,75
1,81
1,56
2,73
1,58
2,8
1,77
3,08
1,96
2,28
Series in PC-TRR files Net vers2002 juli-decþ2042Q003.AAD2002 juli-decþ2042A002.AAD2002 juli-decþ2042M002.AAD2002 juli-decþ2042X003.AAD2002 juli-decþ2042B002.AAD2002 juli-decþ2042S004.AAD
VOLVO D12C420LAMBDA EC1 fuel
Date 2003-10-13Time 15:16:34Anders Hedbom
Map calculations based on Artemis SS29 (A-file), Artemis SS15 (B-file), full load (Q-file), ECE R49 (M-file) and ESC (S-file) measurements together with 10 extra points (X-file).
Test id 2042A002.AADTest date 17-DEC-02Test time 19:13:47Operator: K-E.Å/U.S
LAMBDA measured by ETAS instrument.
Figure 50
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
LAM
BDA
[-]
0123456789
10
SPEED [rpm]
600800
10001200
14001600
18002000
TORQUE [Nm]
0300
600900
1200
1500
1800
VOLVO D12C420LAMBDA EC1 fuel
Date 2003-10-13Time 15:16:51Anders Hedbom
Map calculations based on Artemis SS29 (A-file), Artemis SS15 (B-file), full load (Q-file), ECE R49 (M-file) and ESC (S-file) measurements together with 10 extra points (X-file).
Test id 2042A002.AADTest date 17-DEC-02Test time 19:13:47Operator: K-E.Å/U.S
LAMBDA measured by ETAS instrument.
Figure 51
36 VTI notat 51A-2005
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
600 900 1200 1500 1800SPEED[ rpm]
TOR
QU
E [ N
m]
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
2400
2042FL01.AA2042R005.AA
VOLVO D12C 420SPEED AND TORQUE POINTS
ETC CYCLE
Figure 52 (2042: engine number; FL: Full Load; R:ETC test.)
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
TNO HD test cycle12.5 kW/ton
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Time [s]
Vehi
cle
spee
d [k
m/h
]
BAG 1 BAG 2 BAG 3
Figure 53
VTI notat 51A-2005 37
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
600 900 1200 1500 1800SPEED[ rpm]
TOR
QU
E [
Nm
]
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
2400
2042FL01.AA2042C003.AA
VOLVO D12C 420SPEED AND TORQUE POINTS
TNO CYCLE PART 1
Figure 54
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
600 900 1200 1500 1800SPEED[ rpm]
TOR
QU
E [ N
m]
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
2400
2042FL01.AA2042D003.AA
VOLVO D12C 420SPEED AND TORQUE POINTS
TNO CYCLE PART 2
Figure 55
38 VTI notat 51A-2005
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
600 900 1200 1500 1800SPEED[ rpm]
TO
RQ
UE
[ N
m]
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
2400
2042FL01.AA2042E002.AA
VOLVO D12C 420SPEED AND TORQUE POINTS
TNO CYCLE PART 3
Figure 56
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
VOLVO D12C 420 ETC AND TNO CYCLES RF AND EC1 DIESEL FUEL
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
RFR004
EC1R003+R005
RFTNO (C+D+E)
EC1TNO (C+D+E)
EC1 AVERAGE OF TWO RUNS
HC
AN
PM
, g/k
Wh
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
CO
AN
D N
Ox
g/k
Wh
HC PM TEOM CO NOx
HC-limitEURO3 / ETC
ETC RESULTS TNO CYCLE RESULTS
Figure 57
VTI notat 51A-2005 39
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
VOLVO D12C 420 ETC AND TNO CYCLES RF AND EC1 DIESEL FUEL
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
RFR004
EC1R003+R005
RFTNO (C+D+E)
EC1TNO (C+D+E)
EC1 AVERAGE OF TWO RUNS
HC
AN
D P
M, g
/kW
h
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
CO
AN
D N
Ox
g/k
Wh
HC PM TEOM CO NOx
ETC RESULTS TNO CYCLE RESULTS
PM-limitEURO3 / ETC
Figure 58
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
VOLVO D12C 420 ETC AND TNO CYCLES RF AND EC1 DIESEL FUEL
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
RFR004
EC1R003+R005
RFTNO (C+D+E)
EC1TNO (C+D+E)
EC1 AVERAGE OF TWO RUNS
HC
AN
D P
M, g
/kW
h
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
CO
AN
D N
O g
/kW
h
HC PM TEOM CO NOx
ETC RESULTS TNO CYCLE RESULTS
CO-limitEURO3 / ETC
Figure 59 Comparison between RF and EC1 fuels for transient conditions. For ETC and EC1, double tests.
40 VTI notat 51A-2005
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
VOLVO D12C 420 ETC AND TNO CYCLES RF AND EC1 DIESEL FUEL
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
RFR004
EC1R003+R005
RFTNO (C+D+E)
EC1TNO (C+D+E)
EC1 AVERAGE OF TWO RUNS
HC
AN
D P
M, g
/kW
h
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
CO
AN
D N
Ox,
g/k
Wh
HC PM TEOM CO NOx
ETC RESULTS TNO CYCLE RESULTS
NOx-limitEURO3 / ETC
PM-limitEURO3 / ETC
Figure 60
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
VOLVO D12C 420 ETC AND TNO CYCLES RF AND EC1 DIESEL FUEL
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
RFR004
EC1R003+R005
RFTNO (C+D+E)
EC1TNO (C+D+E)
EC1 AVERAGE OF TWO RUNS
AVG
. PO
WER
, kW
; FC
, g/k
Wh
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
CO
2, g
/kW
h
avg. power meas.fuel calc.fuel CO2
ETC RESULTS TNO CYCLE RESULTS
Figure 61
VTI notat 51A-2005 41
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
VOLVO D12C 420 ETC CYCLE CHANGE FROM RF TO EC1 DIESEL FUEL
-20%
-10%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
delta %EC1/RF
EC1 AVERAGE OF TWO RUNS
EMIS
SIO
N IN
CR
EASE
HC PM TEOM CO NOx
COMPARISON BASED ON EMISSIONS IN g/kWh
Figure 62
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
VOLVO D12C 420 ETC CYCLE CHANGE FROM RF TO EC1 DIESEL FUEL
-10%
-8%
-6%
-4%
-2%
0%
2%
4%
delta %EC1/RF
EC1 AVERAGE OF TWO RUNS
INC
REA
SE
avg. power meas.fuel calc.fuel CO2
COMPARISON BASED ON EMISSIONS AND FC IN g/kWh
Figure 63
42 VTI notat 51A-2005
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
VOLVO D12C 420 ESC AND ECE R49 CYCLES RF AND EC1 DIESEL FUEL
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
RFS002
EC1S001+S004
RF EC1M001+M002
EC1 AVERAGE OF TWO RUNS
HC
AN
D P
M, g
/kW
h
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
CO
AN
D N
Ox,
g/k
Wh
HC PM TEOM CO NOx
ESC RESULTS R49 CYCLE RESULTS
HC-limitEURO3 / ESC
Figure 64 (S: ESC test; M: R49 test. Double test for EC1 fuel and single test for RF fuel.)
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
VOLVO D12C 420 ESC AND ECE R49 CYCLES RF AND EC1 DIESEL FUEL
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
RFS002
EC1S001+S004
RF EC1M001+M002
EC1 AVERAGE OF TWO RUNS
HC
AN
D P
M, g
/kW
h
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
CO
AN
D N
Ox,
g/k
Wh
HC PM TEOM CO NOx
ESC RESULTS R49 CYCLE RESULTS
PM-limitEURO3 / ESC
Figure 65
VTI notat 51A-2005 43
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
VOLVO D12C 420 ESC AND ECE R49 CYCLES RF AND EC1 DIESEL FUEL
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
RFS002
EC1S001+S004
RF EC1M001+M002
EC1 AVERAGE OF TWO RUNS
HC
AN
D P
M, g
/kW
h
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
CO
AN
D N
Ox,
g/k
Wh
HC PM TEOM CO NOx
ESC RESULTS R49 CYCLE RESULTS
CO-limitEURO3 / ESC
Figure 66
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
VOLVO D12C 420 ESC AND ECE R49 CYCLES RF AND EC1 DIESEL FUEL
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
RFS002
EC1S001+S004
RF EC1M001+M002
EC1 AVERAGE OF TWO RUNS
HC
AN
D P
M, g
/kW
h
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
CO
AN
D N
Ox,
g/k
Wh
HC PM TEOM CO NOx
ESC RESULTS R49 CYCLE RESULTSNOx-limitEURO3 / ESC
PM-limitEURO3 / ESC
Figure 67
44 VTI notat 51A-2005
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
VOLVO D12C 420 ESC AND ECE R49 CYCLES RF AND EC1 DIESEL FUEL
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
RFS002
EC1S001+S004
RF EC1M001+M002
EC1 AVERAGE OF TWO RUNS
WEI
GH
TED
PO
WER
, kW
; FC
, g/k
Wh
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
CO
2, g
/kW
h
weighted power meas.fuel calc.fuel CO2
ESC RESULTS R49 CYCLE RESULTS
Figure 68 (Calculated fuel based on carbon balance measurements.)
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
ENGINE SPEED CORRELATIONARTEMIS 15 STEP B002 vs B001
y = 1,00x - 1,17R2 = 1,00
500
700
900
1100
1300
1500
1700
1900
500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 1900
SPEED B001 rpm
SPEE
D B
002
rpm
ENGINE TORQUE CORRELATIONARTEMIS 15 STEP B002 vs B001
y = 0,99x + 9,69R2 = 1,00
-100
400
900
1400
1900
2400
-100 400 900 1400 1900 2400
TORQUE B001 Nm
TOR
QU
E B
002
Nm
NOx RATE CORRELATIONARTEMIS 15 STEP B002 vs B001
y = 0,97x + 0,54R2 = 1,00
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
NOx B001 g/h
NO
x B
002
g/h
PM RATE CORRELATIONARTEMIS 15 STEP B002 vs B001
y = 1,03x - 0,36R2 = 0,99
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
PM B001 g/h
PM B
002
g/h
TEOM RATE CORRELATIONARTEMIS 15 STEP B002 vs B001
y = 1,01x - 0,26R2 = 0,97
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
TEOM B001 g/h
TEO
M B
002
g/h
TEOM vs PM RATE CORRELATIONARTEMIS 15 STEP B001
y = 1,09x - 1,51R2 = 0,98
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
PM B001 g/h
TEO
M B
001
g/h
TEOM vs PM RATE CORRELATIONARTEMIS 15 STEP B001+B002
y = 1,08x - 1,47R2 = 0,98
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
PM B001+B002 g/h
TEO
M B
001+
B00
2 g/
h
TEOM vs PM RATE CORRELATIONARTEMIS 15 STEP B002
y = 1,08x - 1,43R2 = 0,97
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
PM B002 g/h
TEO
M B
002
g/h
TEOM vs TEOM vs GRAVIMETRIC PM GRAVIMETRIC PM MEASUREMENTMEASUREMENT
STEADY STATE TESTSTEADY STATE TEST
Figure 69 (B001 and B002 are repeated ARTEMIS 15 mode test series. The first two rows of diagrams describes the stability when the same test procedure is repeated, first B001 and then B002. The third row of diagrams compare two measurement methods for PM, TEOM and gravimetric.)
VTI notat 51A-2005 45
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
TEOM vs PM RATE CORRELATIONALL TRANSIENT TESTS
y = 1,05x + 0,01R2 = 0,99
0,00
0,05
0,10
0,15
0,20
0,25
0,30
0,00 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25
PM g/kWh
TEO
M g
/kW
h
Figure 70 Comparement of two measurement methods, TEOM and gravimetric, under transient conditions.
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
300 325 350 375 400T IME[sec.]
TO
RQ
UE
[Nm
]
-2000
-1000
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
SPE
ED [
RP
M]
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
LAM
BD
A [ -
]
0
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
20
0
20
40
60
80
00
20
CO
^ [ p
pm]
-80
0
80
160
240
320
400
480
TORQUESPEEDLAMBDAALPHACO^
VOLVO D12C 420LAMBDA MEASUREMENT ETC CYCLE
Figure 71 (ALPHA: % throttle opening.)
46 VTI notat 51A-2005
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
0 300 600 900 1200 1500T IME[sec.]
TO
RQ
UE
[N
m]
-2000
-1000
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
SP
EED
[R
PM
]
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
LAM
BDA
0
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
20
0
20
40
60
80
00
20
NO
X [
ppm
]
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
TORQUESPEEDLAMBDAALPHANO X
VOLVO D12C 420NOx MEASUREMENT ESC CYCLE
Figure 72
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
'INJECTION TIMING'FULL-LOAD PERFORMANCEVOLVO D12C 420 2042Q003
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500seconds
rpm
, Nm
, ppm
-45
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
'inj.
timin
g' °
TORQUE Nm SPEED rpm NOX ppm approx. timing
Injection timing monitored as pump injector voltage
Figure 73
VTI notat 51A-2005 47
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
'INJECTION TIMING' ESC TEST
VOLVO D12C 420 2042S001
-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
seconds
rpm
, Nm
, ppm
-50
-45
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
'inj.
timin
g' °
TORQUE Nm SPEED RPM NOX approx. timing
Injection timing monitored as pump injector voltage
Figure 74
VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE
'INJECTION TIMING' ETC TEST
VOLVO D12C 420 2042S001
-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
seconds
rpm
, Nm
, ppm
-50
-45
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
'inj.
timin
g' °
TORQUE Nm SPEED RPM NOX approx. timing
Injection timing monitored as pump injector voltage
Figure 75
48 VTI notat 51A-2005
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