Post on 28-Nov-2014
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Volta BasinOlufunke Cofie and Philippe Cecchi
CPWF-Volta
3.6.2013, Lima, Peru
Andes • Ganges • Limpopo • Mekong • Nile • Volta
Presentation Outline
• Geographic location• Challenges and opportunities in the Volta Basin• Small Reservoirs: what and why?• Planning for small reservoirs• Management of small reservoirs for multiple uses• Conclusions
Andes • Ganges • Limpopo • Mekong • Nile • Volta
CPWF Basins
2
1
Andes – Benefit-sharing mechanismsGanges – Floods and salt in the DeltaLimpopo – Small reservoirs, rainwater and livelihoodsMekong – Dams and livelihoodsNile – Rainwater management in EthiopiaVolta – Small reservoirs, rainwater and livelihoods
Andes • Ganges • Limpopo • Mekong • Nile • Volta
Findings for the Volta Basin …
Climate change is making already variable rainfall less reliable. Farmers must have access to reliable water supplies. • Rainwater productivity can be increased by in-field water harvesting and soil
fertility improvement • Integrated strategies are needed for effective innovations• Need to improve soil water management under rainfed condition; improve
small reservoirs management, tools for water quality management, use of groundwater
• Small reservoirs, locally maintained and requiring no recurrent energy input are a sustainable supply option to improve water access and increase water related benefits for local communities
Andes • Ganges • Limpopo • Mekong • Nile • Volta
Challenges in the Volta Basin …
National specificity in history, governance, exploitation and management of SR, so difficult to make many generic statements. Large comparison will allow to
capture important generic drivers
Integrated Management of Rainwater and Small Reservoirs for Multiple Uses
Objective: “Improving rainwater and small reservoir management to contribute to poverty reduction and improved livelihoods resilience while taking account
of downstream and upstream water users including ecosystem services”
Andes • Ganges • Limpopo • Mekong • Nile • Volta
Source: McCartney & Smakhtin (2010). IWMI Blue paper.
Small Rerservoirs compliment other storage options
Small Reservoirs should be viewed in the continuum of water storage options
Andes • Ganges • Limpopo • Mekong • Nile • Volta
Small Reservoirs in West Africa …
In West Africa: Small Reservoirs are structures• located at the top of the
hydrological network • store a portion of the flow
(rainy season) for future use (dry season)
• dikes greater than 15 meters (m) high or with storage capacity up to 3 Mm3
Unit cost is about half a million Euros and often much less.
Small Reservoirs in the Volta
Andes • Ganges • Limpopo • Mekong • Nile • Volta
• Small reservoirs support adaptation to climate variability• Small but numerous and largely scattered• Allow targeting a largely scattered rural population • Represent thousands of kilometers of shoreline
Small Reservoirs … Today
1 reservoir ≈ 2500 rural people with secure water access all year long
Andes • Ganges • Limpopo • Mekong • Nile • Volta
Small Reservoirs … Future
250 million people in 2040 in the Niger and Volta Basins High population density in the context of other global changes (climate, markets, ...).
The impact unclear but will necessitate:- securing water resources available- increasing storage- intensification of agriculture
Andes • Ganges • Limpopo • Mekong • Nile • Volta
The multiple uses characteristic of small reservoirs is the main reason for successful adoption by local communities:
▪ agriculture: off-season crops, vegetable garden▪ livestock watering, fisheries, fish farming▪ domestic uses: laundry, dishes, bath,…▪ groundwater recharge of deep and shallow wells▪ gender: equity in risks and benefit sharing▪ different ecological services providing diversification and incomes
Multiple Use is indeed fundamental, in particular for the household diversification of livelihood activities
Small Reservoirs … Multiple Uses
Andes • Ganges • Limpopo • Mekong • Nile • Volta
Whether allocation of water to distributed storage is a good policy rests on excess of evaporative losses and collective impact of the reservoirs place an inequitable burden on downstream users. Our work demonstrates that …
• Evaporative losses are less than 50% of what had previously been assumed.
• Collective downstream impact of small reservoirs is minimal. For instance, in the Volta Basin, even quadrupling the number of small reservoirs would result in the consumption of less than 1% of the total available water.
• Efficiency of small reservoirs is linked to coordinated institutional arrangements for decision making and the ability of local governance to cope with managerial and organization capacities of several
stakeholders
Small Reservoirs … Lessons
Andes • Ganges • Limpopo • Mekong • Nile • Volta
Small Reservoirs … Toolkit
Tools for improved participatory decision making in planning and maintenance and stakeholders’ understanding of Small Reservoirs have been developed
• Storage and Hydrology
• Ecosystems, Water Quality & Human Health
• Water Allocation and Economics
• How science based information can be presented most effectively?
• How to make sure the opinions and ideas of the stakeholders heard?
• How to share the better options available to stakeholders?
Visit: http://www.smallreservoirs.org/full/toolkit/index.htm
Andes • Ganges • Limpopo • Mekong • Nile • Volta
Small reservoirs are already used in many countries, but there is still potential to increase the number, without impacting significantly the catchment hydrology. No. of small reservoirs in selected countries
Burkina Faso > 1,500Ethiopia > 100Ghana > 1,000Ivory Coast > 600Mali > 800Mauritania > 350Mozambique > 600Uganda > 500Zimbabwe > 9,000Zambia > 2,000
Small Reservoirs … Potential
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1801-1840
1841-1911
1912-1939
1940-1956
1957-1973
1974-1987
1988-2001
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
source : Philippe Cecchi (IRD)
Number of Dams and Small Reservoirs in Burkina Faso
Andes • Ganges • Limpopo • Mekong • Nile • Volta
Small Reservoirs Governance(N > 400 SRs)
Line ministries
Donors ContractorsLocal
governmentTraditional authorities
WUA's Community Farmers Others
construction 41 6 33 8 2 2 3 2 2extension role 75 3 0 3 3 6 3 0 8
major maintenance
39 13 6 22 2 7 4 2 3
minor maintenance
4 0 0 5 5 36 42 6 2
setting management rules
4 0 0 4 22 42 21 6 2
implementing & monitoring rules
5 0 0 4 13 49 21 5 4
relation with other actors
11 1 0 9 12 42 18 3 5
conflict resolution5 0 0 8 54 20 11 1 2
environmental protection
7 0 0 4 10 35 33 9 2
exploitation & marketing 13 0 0 1 5 14 12 47 6
Source: Venot JP, Sept. 2011
Many actors with complimentary roles
Andes • Ganges • Limpopo • Mekong • Nile • Volta
• New stakeholders (agro-business) are emerging in the field, with various strategies to maximize investments in the short term
• New ‘predators’ have appeared in the landscape, particularly “mines” with high consumption of water; pollutions; social disorders; etc.
• Increased human population, associated land use and intensification of agricultural practices (nutrients, pesticides) contribute to the eutrophication of SR with serious threats on quality and productivity of SR as well as health status of dependent rural poor
Small Reservoirs … Emerging issues
Controlling consequences of intensification is a necessity
Andes • Ganges • Limpopo • Mekong • Nile • Volta
Uses and users require water (quantity and quality)Uses and users impact the resource (quantity and quality)There exist trade-off between impacts and requirements that determine the nature of available resources
Water Uses and Users
Requirements
Resources
Impacts
Key wordsIntegrated managementsLocal scale/ multi scale
So..
Andes • Ganges • Limpopo • Mekong • Nile • Volta
A necessity for management …
To document
To inform
To predict
Cross-scaling in termsof resource management and/but also in terms of
processes involved
Multiple scales of information gathering (farm household, community, watershed, country, basin)
Andes • Ganges • Limpopo • Mekong • Nile • Volta
‘‘The challenge lies not merely in reducing vulnerability [against Climate Change] but also in getting the structures in place so governments and investors can tackle adaptation in the most effective manner possible.
The good news is we can improve lives today while building the crucial infrastructure needed for tomorrow.’’
Source: ‘‘Global Warming and Adaptability’’ Wall Street Journal, 12 Dec. 2011
In Conclusion
More efforts are needed to promote the high potential of small reservoirs for dry environments by increasing their numbers and
improving their management.
Andes • Ganges • Limpopo • Mekong • Nile • Volta
Thanks for your Attentionwww.volta.waterandfood.org
Andes • Ganges • Limpopo • Mekong • Nile • Volta
Volta: Rainwater and small reservoirs Identified successes (soil-water conservation, small reservoirs, and small pumps) and failures (culture and gender-sensitivity) to extrapolation domainsBetter link crop-livestock farming with market value chains through innovation platformsResilience analysis helps evaluate common threads driving or limiting innovations (e.g. water quality in small reservoirs)